2.S.|00 No. XXL] [Price 2s, 6(L \ ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY: ! OR, MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGY. (being a continuation of the ' MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY AND BOTANY,' AND SIR W. J. hooker's * BOTANICAL COMPANION.') CONDUCTED BY Sir W. JARDINE, Bart.— P. J. SELBY, Esq., Dr. JOHNSTON, Sir W. J. HOOKER, Regius Professor of Botany, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S, SEPTEMBER 1839. WITH A PLATE, Illustrative of J. E. Gray's Paper on some New Cheiroptera of Cuba. LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E, TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. IIIGHLEY; SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL ; SIISPvAYOOD AND CO.; ^V. ^VOOD, TAVISTOCK street; BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS : LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN: AND ASIIER, BERLIN. TO CORRESPONDENTS. Communications have been received from Dr. Meyen, J. E. Gray, Esq., Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and Prof. Morren. We must request that all Communications or Letters relating to this Journal be forwarded free of expense. THE LONDON AND EDINBURGH PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE, and JOURNAL OF SCIENCE: CONDUCTED BY SIR DAVID BREWSTER, F.R.S., RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S., AND RICHARD PHILLIPS, F.R.S. Contents of No. d5, for SEPTEMBER 1839. ON the Method of producing Copies of engraved Copper- plates by Voltaic Ac^ tion ; on the supply of mixed Gases for Drummond's Light by Electro- lysis ; on the Application of Electro-magnetism as a motive power in Navigation, and on Electro-magnetic currents. By Dr. M. H. Jacobi, in a letter to Mr. On the general Solution of Algebraical Equations. By J. W. Lubbock, Esq., 'Meteorological Observations during a Residence in Columbia between the years 1820 and 1830. By Colonel Richard Wright. And full reports of the Instructions prepared by the President and Councd of the Royal Society for the Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic Regions. With Pro- ceedings of Learned Societies, numerous Miscellaneous Articles, and Meteorolo- gical Observations and Table. SCIENTIFIC MEMOIRS; translated from Foreign Transactions and Journals. Edited by RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S. Part VI. with six Plates, price 6s. Containing Melloni on the Polarization of Heat. — Gauss's General Theory of Terrestrial Magnetism. — Gauss on a new Instrument for observing the Intensity of Terrestrial Magnetism.— Weber on the use of the Bifilar Magnetometer.— Schleiden on Phytogenesis. The Translations of the Memoirs on Terrestrial Magnetism have been made under the direction and revisal of Major Sabine, Professor Lloyd, and Sir J. F. W. Herschel, with a view to the main object of the Antarctic Expedition under Capt. J. C. Ross. The Subscribers who have not received Part V., which contains Memoirs by Jacobi, Gauss, Weber and Rose, are requested to apply for it to their Booksellers, or to R. and J. E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. R. and J. E. Taylor, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street. Just Published, Second Edition, and considerably enlarged, with additional Illus- trations, price 4*., THE BEE-KEEPER'S MANUAL ; or Practical Hints on the Ma- nagement and complete Preservation of the HONEY-BEE. By HENRY TAYLOR. London : R. Groombridge, Panyer Alley, Paternoster Row. ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY; OB, MAGAZINE OF ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, AND GEOLOGY, (being a continuation of the * magazine of zoology and botany,' and SIR w. J. hooker's 'botanical companion.') CONDUCTED BY Sir W. JARDINE, Bart.— P. J. SELBY, Esq., Dr. JOHNSTON, Sir W. J. HOOKER, Regius Professor of Botany, AND RICHARD TAYLOR, F.L.S. VOL. IV/^^^gP*^^ LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR. SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY; SIMPKIN and MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.: W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK street; BAILLIERB, regent street, AND PARIS t LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH : CURRY, DUBLIN : AND ASHER, BERLIN. \183C|j- 1840. " Omnes res creatae sunt divinse sapientise et potentiae testes, divitiae felicitatis humanae: exharum usu bonitas Creatoris ; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; ex oeconomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum Itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper aestiraata ; a vere eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta ; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit." — Linn. ^ ; 9- /'^ ^ CONTENTS OF VOL. IV. NUMBER XXI. Page. I. Descriptions of some Cheiroptera discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. By John Edward Gray,F.R.S. &c. With some account of their Habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay 's Notes. (With a Plate.) 1 II. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. By James Tweedie 8 III. Observations on Trilohites, founded on a comparison of their Structure with that of Crustacea. By W. S. MacLeay, M.A 16 IV. Florae Insularum Novae Zelandise Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Allan Cunningham, Esq. 22 V. On the FLa\yiis 0? Macroscelides Rozeti. By Dr. Moritz Wagner 26 VI. Amaryllidearum Species Novae. By the Hon. and Rev. W. Herbert 28 VII. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis Walker, Esq. 29 VIII. Instructions relative to Botany, Vegetable Physiology, and Zoology for the Scientific Expedition to the Antarctic Regions, prepared by the President and Council of the Royal Society 33 New Boohs : — Supplement to the History of British Fishes, by W. Yarrell ; Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymeno- mycetum, E. Fries ; Linnaea, ein Journal fiir die Botanik, &c. ; Plantes Cryptogames de France, par J. Desmazieres ; Deustch- lands Kryptogamische Gift-Gewachse, von Dr. Phoebus ; Fauna Coleopterorum Helvetica, by O. Heer ; Dr. Pye Smith's Congre- gational Lectures on Geology 42 — 46 Meeting of the British Association ; Proceedings of the Zoological So- ciety ; Linnaean Society 46 — 69 On the place of Scarahrsus longimanus in the system, by Prof. Klug ; Identity of the Shannon with the Lough Neagh Coregonus ; Pre- ventive against madness in Elephants, by Carl von Hiigel ; Are the ClostericB Animals or Plants ? Meteorological Observations and Table - 69—72 NUMBER XXII. IX. On the Discoid Piths of Plants. By Ch. Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Liege. (With a Plate.) 73 X. Zoological Notices. By Dr. A. Philippi : — I. On two new species of £M/;/ocawMS 88 • II. On ihe h.r\\md\ oi Pileopsis Garnoti, Vayr GO IV CONTENT3. ^ III. On the Animal of Ga/eomwa 92 IV. On the Octd'ma ramea of Ehvenherg 93 V. On the Chelura terebrans, a new Amphipod Genus 94 XT. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. By James Tweedie, Esq 9Q XJI. Route from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. By J. Mac Lean, Esq., of Lima 105 XIII. Florae Insularum Novse Zelandiae Precursor; or a Specimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Allan Cunning- ham, Esq 106 New Books : — Principles of General and Comparative Physiology, by William B. Carpenter ; Memoirs of theWernerian Natural History Society, vol. viii. Part I. ; Scandinaviens Fiskar malade of W. v. Wright, med text of B. Fries och C. U. Eckstrom ; Verzeichniss der Conchylien in der Sammlung von E. Anton Ill — 117 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; British Association for the Ad- vancement of Science ; Botanical Society of London ; Wernerian Natural History Society 118—139 Notice of an uncommonly tame Pine Marten, by St. von Siemuszova- Pietruski; Clangula ^arrowii, a native of Iceland : On the Moult- ing Process of the Cray Fish ; Meteorological Observations and Table 139—144 NUMBER XXIII. XIV. Description of Animal Life in Nova Zembla. By K. E. von Baer 145 XV. On the Fructification of Lycoperdon, Phallus, and their allied Genera. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. (With a Plate.) 155 XVI. Horse Zoo] ogicas. No. I. On the History and Habits of Cro- tophaga. By Sir W. Jardine, Bart 160 XVII. Account of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. By James Tweedie, Esq 171 XVIII. On the Laurus Cassia of Linnaeus, and the Plants producing the Cassia Bark of Commerce. By Robert Wight, M.D 179 XIX. On the Discovery of Fossil Teeth of a Leopard, Bear, and other Animals in a Crag Pit at Newbourn in Suffolk. By Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., &c 186 XX. On the occurrence of Fossil Quadrumanous, Marsupial, and other Mammalia in the London Clay, near Woodbridge in Suffolk. By Charles Lyell, Esq., F.R.S., V.P.G.S., &c 189 XXI. Description of the Mammalian Remains found at Kyson in Suffolk, mentioned in the preceding Notice. By Richard Owen, Esq., F.R.S., &c ; 191 XXXII. Information respecting Botanical Travellers: — Mr. Schom- burgk's Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana 194 CONTENTS. r New Books : — Pracht-Flora Europaeischer Schimmelbildungen, by A. C. J. Corda ; History of British Sponges and Corallines, by Dr. Johnston; Corpus Florarum Provincialium Sueciae. — I. Floram Scanicam scripsit E. Fries 200, 201 Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Botanical Society of Lon- don 202—213 Birds collected in Asia Minor by Mr. Fellows ; on the genera Mgilops and T'rit.icum, and their modifications ; on the Animal Nature of the OscUlatoria ; new species of Frog found in Amber ; Meteoro- logical Observations and Table 213—216 NUMBER XXIV. XXIII. On a Shell-bank in the Irish Sea, considered Zoologically and Geologically. By Edward Forbes, Esq 217 XXIV. Miscellanea Zoologica. By George Johnston, M.D., Fel- low of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. (With Plate VI.) 224 XXV. Descriptions of British Chalcidites. By Francis Walker, F.L.S 232 XXVI. Hints on the Anatomico-Physiological Differences in the Organization of Stems. By Dr. M. J. Schleiden 236 XXVII. On the Mycology of the neighbourhood of Bristol. By Mr. Henry Oxley Stephens 246 XXVIII. On the Arctium Lappa and Bardana of Sir J. E. Smith. By Charles C. Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c 253 XXIX. Florae Insularum Novae Zelandiae Precursor ; or a Speci- men of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand. By Allan Cun- ningham, Esq 256 XXX. Information respecting Botanical Travellers : — Mr. Schom- burgk's Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana 262 New Boohs : — Nouveau Recu^il de Planches Coloriees d'Oiseaux, pour servir de suite et de Complement aux Planches JEnluminees de Buffon, par C. J. Temminck et Meiffren Laugier Baron de Chartreuse ; Flora Lipsiensis Excursoria, Auctore G. L. Peter- mann 266 — 268 Proceedings of the Botanical Society of London ; Zoological Society ; Linnaean Society 270 — 282 Dr. Westendorp and Mr. W. H. White ; Mr. Gulliver on Blood Cor- puscles in the Mammalia ; Notes on Irish Birds, by W. Thomp- son, Esq. ; Ehrenberg on the remarkable diffusion of Coralline Animalcules from the use of Chalk for ordinary purposes ; Note on Peloria, by Mr. A. White ; Meteorological Observations and Table 283—288 NUMBER XXV. XXXI. On AUiu7n Porrum and A. Ampeloprasum. By Charles C. Babington, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., &c 289 VI fC^ONTENTS. XXX I r. Notice of some Fungi collected by C. Darwin, Esq. during the Expedition of H. M. Ship Beagle. By the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, M.A., F.L.S. (With Plates.) 291 " XXXIII. Zoological Notices. By Dr. A. Philippi 294 XXXIV. Notes on Dr. Philippi's Zoological Notices in the prece- ding Article. By J. E. Gray, Esq 305 XXXV. Notices of Botanical Excursions in the neighbourhood of Trieste. By Edward Forbes, M.W.S., For. Sec. B.S., &c 307 XXXVI. On the Habits of the Apteryx Australis, a Bird of New- Zealand, closely allied to the Struthionidis, and named by the native Inhabitants Kiwi. By the lat^ Allan Cunningham, Esq 312 XXXVII. Characters of Four New Cape Orchidacece. By Professor LlNDLEY 314 XXXVIII. On the Occurrence of Squalus spinosus, Linn., on the Coast of Yorkshire. By Arthur Strickland, Esq 315 XXXIX. Horse Zoologicse. By Sir William Jardine, Bart 318 XL. Information respecting Botanical Travellers : — Mr. Schom- burgk's Narrative of his recent Expedition in Guiana 322 New Books : — Histoire Naturelle des Poissons d'eau douce de I'Europe Centrale, par Ls. Agassiz ; Natural History and Illustrations of the British Salmonidae, by Sir W. Jardine, Bart. ; On the Growth of the Salmon in Freshwater, by W. Yarrell, F.L.S., V.P.Z.S. ; Narrative of an Expedition into Southern Africa during the years 1836 and 1837, by Capt. W. C. Harris ; Deutschlands Lebermoose in getrockneten Exemplaren, Herausgegeben von Dr. J. W. P. Hiibener und C. F. Genth ; A. Bertolonii Flora Italica, sistens Plantas in Italia et in Insulis circumstantibus sponte nascentes ; Verzeichniss der in Jahre 1832 im ostlichen Theile der Altai-ge- birges gesammelten Pflanzen. Ein Supplement zur Flora Altaica, von Al. v. Bunge; Fungorum et Byssorum Illustrationes, &c., by F. Fulg. Chevallier ; Linnae ; British Coleoptera delineated, by W. Spry, M.E.S., edited by W. Shuckard, Lib. R.S 329—339 Proceedings of the Linnaean Society; Zoological Society; Royal So- ciety of Edinburgh ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; Royal Phy- sical Society of Edinburgh 339 — 355 On different Tissues, the work of Insects ; Structure of the Ovule in the EricecB ; Colour of Salt Marshes ; Falco EleonorcB ; Descrip- tion of a new species of Meliphaga, by M. Dumas ; Flannel formed of Infusoria and Confervas ; Meteorological Observations and Table 356—360 NUMBER XXVI. XLI. On the Strut-'ture of the Setae of Funaria hygrometrica. By Edwin Lankester, M.D 361 XLII. On the Tentacular Classification of Zonphytes. By John Hogg, Esq., M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c 364 CONTENTS. VU XLIII. Miscellanea Zoologica. By George Johnston, M.D., Fel- low of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. With Plates X. and XI 368 XLIV. Note on the Occurrence at various times of the Bottle-nosed Whale {Hyperoodon Butzlcopf, Lacep.) on the coast of Ireland ; and on its nearly simultaneous appearance on different parts of the British coast in the autumn of 1839. By William Thompson, Vice-President of the Natural History Society of Belfast 375 XLV. "^ew OrckidacecB. By Professor Lin dley 381 XLVI. Note on the Annelida. By W. S. MacLeay, M.A., F.L.S. &c 385 XLVII. Notes on the Excitability and Movement of the Leaves in the Species of Oxalis. By Professor J. De Brignoli de Brunhoff of Modena, and Prof. Morken of Liege 388 XLVIII. An attempt to ascertain the Fauna of Shropshire and North Wales. ByT. C. Eyton, Esq., F.L.S 396 XLIX. On the production of Isinglass from Indian Fishes. By Dr. Cantor, Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society 399 L. On Isinglass in Polynemus sele, Buch., a species which is very common in the Estuaries of the Ganges. By J. McClelland, Esq.... 401 LI. A Supplement to the Synopsis of the Fishes of Madeira in the Second Volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society. By the Rev. R. T. Lowe 405 LII. Information respecting Botanical Travellers : — Mr. Griffith's Journal of the Mission to Bootan 424 Mr. Schomburgk's Expedition in Guiana 429 NUMBER XXVII. SUPPLEMENT. Information respecting Botanical Travellers : — Mr. Schomburgk's Expedition in Guiana \_Continued.'] 433 New Books : — Etudes de Micromammalogie. Revue des Mnsaraignes, des Rats et des Campagnols, suivie d'un Index methodique des Mammiferes d'Europe. Par Edm. De Selys-Longchamps 434 Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Geological Society ; Tweedside Physical and Antiquarian Society; Physical Society of Edin- burgh 442—461 Movement of the Style of Goldfussia anisophylla ; Echinospermum lap- pula; Guiana Expedition; Grew " On the Principles of Bodies ;" Notes on the Birth of the Giraffe ; Meteorological Observations and Table 462—466 PLATES IN VOL. IV. Plate I. Cheiroptera of Cuba. IL Discoid Pith of Plants. III. Species of Euplocamus and Chelura : — Animals of Pileopsis and Galeomma. IV. Species of Pandorina, Astarte, Hersilia, and Peltidium : — Ani- mal of Pleurostoma, and Eggs of Vermetus, V. Fructification of Fungi. VI ) VIl' I ^^^*'^^^^ Nereides. VIIL Sporidesmium adscendens ; and Stilbum lateritium. IX. Daedalea erubescens. X "1 Y j' V British Annelides. ERRATUM IN VOL. I. Art. XXT., On a new species of Epilobium, should have been described as a Translation of a Memoir by Dr. Westendorp ; see p. 283 of the present Volume. ANNALS OF NATURAL HISTORY. I. — Descriptions of some Mammalia discovered in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay, Esq. By John Edward Gray, F.R.S., &c. With some account of their Habits, extracted from Mr. MacLeay's Notes, 1 HE small collection of Mammalia made by Mr. MacLeay during his stay in Cuba consisted of the following species of Cheiroptera, and a foetal specimen of a Dolphin [Delphinus), which I have not been able to determine on account of its youth. The bats, besides adding to our knowledge, are very inter- esting forms, and several hitherto unrecorded species are par- ticularly interesting, as enabling me to locate with certainty, according to my present views, the genus Mormoops of Dr. Leach, of which only a single dried specimen was before known, and which had always been placed among the anoma- lous genera of this interesting family. It is curious, as regards the geographical distribution of these animals, which have usually been considered very local, that out of this small col- lection of eight species five should prove to be new to science and one of them an entirely new form, and that the other three should be common to Cuba and Jamaica. Vespertilionidje, Gray, Tribe Phyllostomina, Gray. Arctibeus falcatus, Gray. Edge of the lips crenulated, in- ner part of the sides near the angle cihated, front of the lower lip with a small central tubercle surrounded by a lunate series of six distant small warts. Nose -leaf broad ovate lanceolate, expanded, with a very large elevated laminar crumpled pro- jected edge on the sides. Tragus thick and convex inter- nally at the end, with three or four distinct notches on the outer side of the ears. Fur (in spirits) grey-brown, with dark Ann. Nat. Hist. Vol, 4. No. 21 . Sept. 1839. b 2 Mr. J. E. Gray on some neiv Bats collected tips to the hairs, paler beneath. The wings large, blackish ; the index-finger falcately curved, with the membrane between it and the middle finger smooth, nearly transparent. Gland of the penis granular. The form of the index -finger at once distinguishes this species from all the others of the genus. Hab, Cuba, " Killed in my bed-room.^^ — MacLeay, Arctibeus Jamaicensis, Leach, Linn. Trans, xiii. Phyllo- stoma jamaicense, Horsfield, Zool. Journ, vii. 238. Edge of the lips crenulated, the inner edge with a series of brown membranaceous processes. Nose-leaf ovate lanceolate, acu- minated, with a broad convex central midrib, edge folded back, and rather compressed at the tip ; cheek at the sides of the nose-leaf large, convex, swollen, subtubercular ; front of the lower lip triangular, with a central rather large, and two smaller lateral tubercles, surrounded with a series of close oblong warts. Tragus thickened at the top, crenulated exter- nally, with three or four distinct notches at the outer side of the base. The index-finger straight. Hab. Cuba. '^ Devours oranges on the trees and leaves the skins almost empty ; it also comes into bed-rooms at night in search of mosquitoes." — MacLeay, Brachyphylla cavernarum, Gray. VespertiUo cavemarum. Guilding, MS. Plate L fig. 1. Hab. West Indies. St. Vincents, Cuba. I cannot observe the slightest difierence between the Cuban specimen and that which I described from St. Vin- cents (1837), from the collection of Mr. Guilding, except that the Cuban one is smaller, and probably not an adult speci- men, which view is somewhat favoured by the finger-bones being rather shorter comparatively with the armbone. In the Cuban specimen there are several round glands on the chin, and a very distinct convex isolated gland on the side of the face a little behind the angle of the mouth. St. Vincents. Cuban. Length of body and head 3 2^ of arm bone 2tV 2^^ of shin bone l-rV -fi in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay. 3 Tribe Noctilionina. * Tail short, tip free on the upper side of the truncated in- terfemoral membrane. MoRMOOPS, Leach, not F. Cuvier, Nose obliquely trun- cated, warty ; lower lip expanded, membranaceous, sinuous, with a square warty plate in front ; ears large, united over the forehead, with the lower edge produced and united to the membranes on the lower lip. Tragus distinct. Dr. Leach, who first described this genus, characterizes it as having " a single nose-leaf confluent with the ears,^^ and all subsequent writers, misled by his description, have placed it with the leaf-nosed bats. In my new arrangement I placed it at the end of the Phyllostomina, with a mark of doubt before it. The specimen under examination shows that it has no true nose-leaf, but that it is much more closely allied to the Taphozoi among the Noctilionina, This and the new Cuban genus Chilonycteris, which agrees with it in many particulars, will together form a new section in that group, characterized by the expansion of the lower lip and the convex and rounded form of the skull. Mormoops Blainvillii, Leach, Linn. Trans., xiii. p. 77« t. 7« The Cuban specimen agrees well with Dr. Leach's short description and the detailed figure of the head of the specimen which was formerly in Mr. Brookes's museum, and which he received from (Mr. Lewis) Jamaica : the only difference that I can see between them is that the two appendages in front of the disk in the centre of the chin are rather larger in the figure than in our specimen, and the hinder fold of the hinder mem- branes in front of the chin is represented as entire instead of being divided ; but these I am inclined to regard as most probably errors of the artist, arising from Dr. Leach's speci- men being dry, while ours is preserved in spirits. As Dr. Leach's description was very short I shall now pro- ceed to give a more detailed account of this curious and very interesting animal. The head is nearly globular, with a rather produced muzzle. The nose is rounded above, with three warts on each side, and obliquely truncated below, with a lon- gitudinal central rib and a dentated transverse rib between the margin and nostrils. The upper hp is flat, expanded, with B 2 4 Mr. J. E. Gray on some new Bats collected some acute prominences on its inner, and a series of rounded tubercles on its outer edge ; the hinder tubercles are much the largest. The lower lip is expanded, rather membranaceous, variously folded and twisted, forming a complicated appear- ance on the sides of the chin. There is a small smooth trian- gular disk above, immediately in front of the lower cutting teeth ; and directly in front of this is placed a rather large four-sided expanded plate or disk, which has a quantity of small close warts on its upper face, and two small diverging appendages in the middle of its front edge. The front and hinder edges of this plate are scalloped out. The ears are membranaceous, very large, broad, united over the upper part of the nose, and dependent over the face, with a slight notch on the upper part of the frdnt edge ; the lower side is expanded, with a rounded lobe in front, and is conti- nued into the folded lower lip. The tragus is lunate, with a slight notch on the thickened front edge, and has a large ap- pendage on the outer side of its upper part. The anti-tragus is large and tubercular. The eyes are small, far back, near the conchae of the ears, and have a large wart before and behind them. The wings are long, rather wide, hairy beneath near the sides, with rather wide marginal membranes inclosing the first joint of the thumb. The interfemoral membrane is very large, truncate at the tip, and furnished with many transverse and five diverging lines from the tail. The tail is elongate, and the last joint is elongated, tapering, and free in the upper side of the interfemoral membrane. The legs are elongate, slender; the ankle short, tapering; toes nearly equal, com- pressed, and the heel bone very long and marginal. Hab. Cuba. " Killed in my bed-room.^^ MacLeay, Chilonycteris, Gray. Lipped Bat. Head conical, fore- head high, convex ; nose obliquely truncated, smooth, with a keeled toothed upper edge ; nostrils anterior, inferior ; lower lip large, dilated, hairy, with a broad reflexed membranaceous edge, furnished with a group of regular granular warts on the middle of its upper surface, and with a similar smooth mem- branaceous ridge behind it on the chin ; ears large, separate, lateral, elongate, acute, with two folds on the front edge, and in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay. 5 a large notch on the centre of the outer edge, expanded, mem- branaceous, and produced to the hinder part of the crest on the edge of the lower lip. Tragus distinct, large, with an ap^ pendage on the outer side of its tip ; eyes small, far back. Wings elongate, narrow, their index-finger of one bony joint; interfemoral membrane very large, elongate, slightly truncated. Heel bones very large, thumb compressed ; tail elongate, su- perior, half as long as the interfemoral membrane, with the last joint free on its upper edge. Hind feet rather small ; ankle elongate, subcylindrical ; toes nearly equals compressed. Essential Characters. Nose obliquely truncated, appen- daged ; lower lip rounded, with two transverse reflexed mem- branaceous ridges ; ears lateral^ separate, with the lower outer edge expanded and continued to the hinder edge of the expansions on the lower lip. Tragus distinct. This genus is highly interesting from its being intermediate between the Saccopteri and the genus Mormoops of Dr. Leach. Chilonycteris MacLeayii, Gray. Fur mouse-colour, (in spi- rits) witli greenish tips to the hairs, rather paler beneath; lower lip, with a triangular central wart and a group of small close warts on the centre of the lower lip plate; edge of the nose with two tooth-like expansions on each side, one over each nostril, and the other, which is rather larger, on the outer side of the first ; chin with three longitudinal ridges and a conical wart on each side extending to the hinder edge of the lower chin membrane ; wings chestnut-brow^n, nearly bald, the under sides of the interfemoral membrane with a few scattered hairs. Length If, expanse 9". Fore arm 1| ; tail f . Plate L fig. 2. Hab, Cuba. " Found in my bed-room ; congregates in im- mense numbers in the eaves of houses and in holes in walls." MacLeay. Nyctinomus macrotis, Gray. Ears very large, united in a common tubercle on the forehead, rather hairy in front ; lips very large, pendulous ; muzzle bald, with a central longitudinal and a transverse marginal ridge of close-set short rigid hairs ; upper lip with an oblong tuft of black hairs under the nose ; 6 Mr. J, E. Gray on some new Bats collected tail cylindrical, elongate^ rather more than half free; feet with a smaD round hinder pad. The pads of the great and little toes rather large, covered with white hairs, which are curved and rather dilated at the tip. Tragus rather large, truncated, with two or three small lobes on the edge ; lobule large, rather obliquely truncated at the tip, and with a shght notch in front of the lower edge. Plate I. fig. 3. Hab, Cuba. ^' Sent up from the interior of the island, where it was found in the hollow of a tree.'^ MacLeay, The head and nose of this species are very like the N, pli- catus of India, but the lips and ears are much larger in pro- portion, and the lobule of that species is higher, rounded above, and without any notch at the base of the front edge. Like that species, the thumb has a large circular callous pad at its base, which agrees with Spix's character of his genus Thyroptera, and induces me to believe that his genus will only prove to be a synonym of Nyctinomus, The species of Nyctinomus at present known may be thus divided : — A. Ears united at the base in front on a common tubercle. Lobule high, rounded, without any notch at the front of the base ; ears large ; tragus distinct, N. plicatus. Lobule elongate, truncate above, with a notch at the front of the base ; ears very large ; tragus very small. N. ma- crotis. B. Ears close but separate at the front of the base. Lobule semi-ovate, not notched in front ; tragus subqua- drate, rather large, N. nasutus. Molossus tropidorhynchus. Gray, Mol. velox, Horsf. Zool. Journ. vii. 237. Upper lip with a roundish tuft of close slender hooked hairs under the nostrils ; muzzle angular with a central longitudinal and a transverse slightly crenated keel ; throat pouch large ; tail rather slender, tapering, more than half inclosed in the membrane. Hab. Cuba. " Very common in the city of Havana." Mac Leay. This species is very like Dysopes velox, but is smaller, and differs in having only a single central ridge between the nos- trils, which is forked and sends a transverse ridge over each. Jjtn Nai Ht6t, 7ol W 77 1. Brack^ph^l/a carer rufj iJtU-oti^cilerM Mticleafii CTteiropt^ra. of (/itba. J..Basirc, litA' in Cuba by W. S. MacLeay. 7 while in that species two oblique ridges continue separate nearly to the base. It is not easy to distinguish the species as described by M. Temminck^ for his figures and descriptions appear to have been mostly taken from stuffed and dried specimens^ in which state the peculiarities of the face and ears, which are often the most characteristic parts of the species, are frequently de- stroyed. The species of this genus that are in the British Museum may be thus divided. * Gland on the throat very large and distinct, a. The lobule of the ear semi-ovate with a large base ; ears large, forehead rounded. Mol. rufus. Chestnut with whitish tips to the hairs ; nose with a crenulated ridge over, and a broad flat bristly space between, the nostrils ; tail thick, half free. b. The lobule of the ears round, compressed, with a contracted base ; forehead keeled, Mol, velox. Chestnut, nose with a diverging ridge from the centre of the space between the nostrils ; tail thick. Mol, tropidorhynchus. Chestnut, nose with a longitudinal central ridge, and then a nearly straight crenulated cross ridge over the nostrils ; tail tapering, thin. ** Gland on the throat very small, rudimentary. Mol, fuliginosus. Black, tail elongate, slender, tapering ; nose with a diverging ridge from the centre of the space be- tween the nostrils ; lobule round, compressed, contracted at the base ; forehead keeled. Mol. Norfolkensis, Grey-black, beneath grey ; tail elon- gate, tapering ; nose without any ridge ; lobule small, round, not contracted at the base, ears acute ; forehead not keeled ? Tribe Vespertilionina, Scotophilus Cubensis, Fur blackish-brown (in spirits) ; wings dark, blackish; underside of the in terfemoral membrane whitish, with scattered hairs ; feet large ; heel bone short, ta- pering ; ears moderate, entire ; tragus ovate-lanceolate. Body and head 2| ; tail If ; fore arm 1|. Hab, Cuba. 8 Account of a Journey across the II. — Extracts from a few rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, in 1835. By Mr. James Tweedie, addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker. In reply to the inquiry contained in your last letter, as to whether I kept a journal of my late excursion to the interior, of which, if such be the case, you desire a copy, I beg to state that it is certainly my custom to take a few notes of whatever may particularly strike me as singular and worthy of remark, but that I am far from pretending to describe in a minute or scientific manner ; although In wilds unknown I love to stroll, Where virgin plants their flowers unfold, Where unknown warblers tune their song, And unnamed rivers glide along. Of my journey to the Andes of Tucuman, I now therefore send you a few notes, which had been hastily written while crossing the Pampas. My object in troubling you with them is merely to show the causes of that poverty in my botanical collections of which you complain. On the 2nd of March our Tropa left Buenos Ayres : it con- sisted of seventeen waggons, each of which, together with its cargo, was computed to weigh about three tons, and was drawn by six bullocks. The body of the waggon is built of sticks and straw, and is arched over the top where it is covered with raw hides: the length is about 15 feet, the breadth 5, and the height GJ feet inside. Each wheel has a diameter of 8 feet. Thus when these unwieldy, uncouth-looking vehicles are set in motion, you might imagine that a village of Indian huts or toldas had suddenly taken a mind to walk, and the whole ap- pearance is as curious as can well be imagined. The tropa, on this occasion, consisted, besides the waggons, of 240 cattle, 44 horses, 35 mules, and 32 persons, including passengers. Well knowing by experience the lagging mode of travelling that prevails in this country, I allowed the party to have four days^ start of me, and came up with them at the village of Morros, about five leagues distant from Buenos Ayres. Thus my future companions had performed rather more than a league per day. At the moment when I arrived Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, 9 the tropa was preparing to cross an Arroy, where meeting two other tropas on their way to Buenos Ayres^ we made a very grand appearance from the union of such a large number of cattle^ &c., and six hours of time were lost before we again re- sumed our road. Morros is a small straggling village with a population of from 400 to 500 persons, and a respectable look- ing little church : excellent wheat, maize, and pumpions are raised in this neighbourhood, these being the chief articles of produce to which the farmer directs his attention. While passing the Arroy I spent some of the leisure time which was thus afforded me in examining its marshy sides, in search of any new or rare plants, and my disappointment in this first attempt proved but too true an omen of the slender share of success which attended my journey. The tropa had hardly resumed its march on a good road, when they proceeded at the rate of about two miles an hour, than the approach of sunset warned them to halt for the night, and then the whole party dispersed to gather dry thistles, withered straw and herbage, or any material with which a fire can be lighted to cook their victuals. This process is very quickly and sum- marily performed ; often have I seen the animal on foot help- ing to draw the waggon, and killed, flayed, roasted and swal- lowed in less than two hours ! Dry grass is often the only fuel that can be procured : the men divide into parties, four to each mess ; the portion of beef is handed to them ; and they generally cook it by sticking it on an iron rod which they fix in the ground and lean over the smoky fire. Then each indi- vidual pulls off his singed and bloody portion, severing it partly with his knife and partly with his greased and gory fingers ; and with unwashed hands and filthy beard, enjoys his half-raw meal, devoured without bread, vegetables or salt, in as much comfort and with greater health than does the London epicure his highly seasoned and varied feast. Many of the people who accompany these tropas have been born in them and know no other home than a cart or waggon, nor can do anything save driving and tormenting the poor animals committed to their charge ; he being esteemed the cleverest fellow who can make his bullocks cry loudest with the tortures he inflicts. It cannot be wondered at that they 10 Account of a Journey across the are a very ignorant^ thievish and deceitful set of savages. The traveller requires to be constantly on the look-out or his pro- perty will be stolen : if he has carried anything to eat or drink and does not share it with these ruffians^ they abuse him, call him a bad Christian, and take it away ; nay, murders are fre- quently committed and gloried in under these circumstances : and such were the people with w^hom I was once for seven months, the only stranger save one Frenchman ! Early on the 6th of March we crossed the river de las Conchas, twenty-one miles from Buenos Ayres, on an old, rickety, dangerous wooden bridge, the only bridge of any de- scription that we met with in a journey of nearly 1200 miles. The care that was taken to prevent accidents consumed three hours in passing it, immediately after which we entered a grassy plain, diversified by no change of scenery, except a forest of tall thistles {Carduus marianus) six to ten feet high, mingled with a coarse species of Erigeron, At mid-day we halted and were here joined by a large carriage conveying the family of the owner of the waggons and his servants. While stopping here I strolled a little way and found the first specimen worth gathering, it was an Eupatorium, with broad cordate leaves and tricoloured flowers, which I had how- ever seen before at the Rio Negro, Banda Oriental. 7th. This day we performed the extraordinary distance of five leagues, all the way being over a grassy plain, where no water could be had, except at one solitary Rancho, w^here they gave us some excellent water, drawn from a depth of only 1 1 feet below the surface. I took the opportunity of ascertain- ing the depth of all the wells (which are however few in num- ber) that we saw, and found that by digging about 20 feet at most, an abundance of fine water can always be procured. So lazy are the people, however, that they generally prefer using what they can obtain from some filthy stagnant pool, to taking the trouble of sinking a well ; one hindrance, how- ever exists in the want of materials for cradling such pits, as they have nothing for the purpose but bones. At night we were deprived of sleep by the clouds of mosquitoes which is- sued from a stinking marsh close to which we had encamped. 8th, Four hours were occupied this morning in crossing Pampas of Buenos Ay res to Tucuman, 11 the marsh, though but half a mile wide. Each waggon had to be dragged over by eight pair of oxen, so that after one had passed, the cattle had to be sent back to assist the next. I saw several vehicles, besides our own, thus engaged ; for as there is no general road, each takes his own way as seems best. One unfortunate fellow had overset his cart loaded with wheat in this grassy marsh ; he was going with it to Buenos Ayres, and the grain being in bulk and not in bags, must have been almost entirely lost under the water and among the aquatic herbage. Two others were helping him to recover it, standing nearly up to the middle in water. Corn is not carried to market here in sacks, but four hides are loosely attached by their corners to the inside of the huge hurdle-cart already described, thus forming a kind of open box, into which the grain or any other cargo is flung. At sunset, having been travelling over a grassy and some- what undulating country, we amved at the village of Lujuan (pronounced Leuchan) lying in a sort of flat valley. Our first view of it from an elevated ridge was very prepossessing : its straggling roofs and whitened church, mingled with fig trees, and lighted by the setting sun, gave me the idea of a neat Eng- lish village ; but a nearer approach dispelled this favourable appearance. We found it a poor miserable place, chiefly con- sisting of mud-built, straw-covered Ranchos ; a few tolerable brick dwellings formed a kind of square in the centre and out- side them were ranged several wretched huts, without gardens or any appearance of cultivated ground, except some small peach clumps, which are kept to be cut every two or three years for fuel. The peach trees here are as plentiful as osiers in England, and may generally be seen growing along with the Agave Americana and the seven-angled Cactus. A consi- derable quantity of good wheat and maize is raised in this di- strict for the Buenos Ayres market : the pieces of ground thus occupied being unfenced are preserved from the intru- sions of cattle by having a lion or tiger tethered in the centre, the smell of which deters any cattle from approaching. (What is here called a lion, is probably the American lion or puma.) 9th. Leaving Lujuan at midnight, we passed the Guardia de Lujuan, three miles on our left, where are the head quarters 12 Account of a Journey across the of the Argentine cavalry : here the country is chiefly occupied in keeping and breeding horses for the army, being clothed with rich grass and abounding in good water. 10th. Having travelled most of the night, and up to eleven o'clock in the forenoon, except resting two hours at sun-rise, we halted about noon when the sun was very warm, and turned out the cattle to feed in a fine and rich, though rather coarse, grassy meadow. Except two species of grass 1 added nothing to my specimen-book, the vegetation being similar to that of Buenos Ayres. Water was scarce and bad ; near one Rancho we unexpectedly found a sunken well, but nothing to draw withal, except a large horn which had many ups and downs before our thirst was satisfied ; there was only eight feet of depth before w^e came to the water, but the well being lined with shank-bones gives the water a very bad taste. 11th. This day^s travelling was slow and fatiguing, owing to the scorching unclouded sun ; but we made up the differ- ence by pushing onwards during the night, when we came to good roads, for the most of the daylight had been consumed in passing a bog of soft mud. To each cart the united force of nine or ten pairs of bullocks had to be applied to pull it through this bog which is only three-fourths of a mile wide. The whole day being thus spent, I took the opportunity of ex- amining the vegetation of this neighbourhood, but only found two Syngenesious species that w^ere new to me. 12th. Early this morning we came to another sofl marsh with a slow river winding through it : the current did not flow faster than half a mile an hour. This river is called the Ar- roya del Fez, or Fish River, a name generally applied to di- stinguish such streams as do not dry up in summer from those which disappear at that period, although there may be no fish in either. Great caution was necessary in crossing this place, as the heads of the shaft bullocks were often drawn under water by the weight of the waggon. So long was the line of cattle, that often the foremost animals were already across be- fore the cart had entered the water. When the traces break, as not unfrequently happens, the poor beasts are drowned. 13th. We rested during most of the hot afternoon of yes- terday, and travelled all night through a rough trackless plain, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Thicuman, IS and stopped in sight of the small village of Salto Chico, which we reached in the afternoon. This was another straggling assemblage of Ronchos, their walls of unburnt bricks, but the church with its whitewashed spire looked rather respectable ; for here, as in all countries where the Romish pontiff holds sway, be the morals of the people as depraved as they may, the outward appearance of the church is the first considera- tion. For instance, at San Lorenzo on the Poran, a village of but five miserable huts, the church is one of the most splendid buildings in the whole Argentine Republic. The population of Salto Chico is about 1500 : the place is noted for sending a great number of cheeses to Buenos Ayres, which are how- ever but very poor eating, and fetch a current dollar, fivepence each, weighing about 2 lbs. A small river passes the village : the w^ater is very brackish and bad, but w^e obtained a supply of what was good from wells, about fifteen feet deep to the bottom. 14th. Having again travelled most of the night, we found ourselves in the morning traversing a dreary houseless plain country, covered however with cattle and sheep. Rain came on in the evening, accompanied with thunder and vivid conti- nued flashes of lightning ; these, however, caused no alarm to the inhabitants as they would have done in a metallic coun- try : for though storms of lightning are much more frequent and violent here than in England, they are never know^n to do any injury. 15th. We entered another poor village, called Pergamena, with a population of about 2000. Here we quitted the pro- vince of Buenos Ayres and therefore found it needful to lay in a stock of pumpions and some bread ; the latter was with difficulty procured, being considered a luxury in this neigh- bourhood. We are now 120 miles from Buenos Ayres, and I have found but seven specimens of plants. 16th. At the Arroya del Medio, which divides the province of Buenos Ayres from that of Santa Fe, w'e were joined by 100 fresh draught bullocks, as we now enter uninhabited Pampas, occupied only by wandering Indians, and it is most desirable to pass through this country as quickly as possible lest the Indians should have time to collect and attack us for 14 Account of a Journey across the the sake of plunder. We therefore travelled night and day, making only very short stoppages to change the cattle and singe our beef, cooking being out of the question, where no fuel could be procured except dry grass, and when it was un- advisable to make any delay. We however saw nothing in these vast plains but three Tropas on their way to Buenos Ayres, at considerable distances from us. On these wide and open tracts an assemblage of fifty waggons only looks like a few ships scattered on the vast ocean, steering their way, as by compass, through the trackless wastes. Even the wild animals, as Foxes, Polecats, and Becatchos, abundant in more inhabited districts, are not to be seen in this desert : some grey and black vultures only attended our Tropa, which picked up any offal that came in their way. Here while stop- ping, during the passage of the Arroya called Del Indio- muerto, I saw great quantities of a large species of quail, ge- nerally called the pheasant of the country, probably attracted to this spot by the fine and large species of grass, with eat- able seeds, which grow in the Arroya. On the 22nd of March, which was a clear calm sunny day, we noticed vast flocks of swallows, flying in a direction contrary to our course, which was north-west, at a great height from the ground ; probably on their way to the warm islands of the Pacific Oceans. These birds generally quit Buenos Ayres in the beginning of April and return thither late in September. Only one kind of swal- low is found in this country : it is large, and with more grey on the back than the house swallow of Britain, builds its nest under tiles and in holes of walls, and has a strong melodious note much resembling that of a rising lark. 24th. Having travelled for the last seven days and nights through a continued flat grassy plain, where nothing but bit- ter and brackish water could be had, we stopped at sunrise to let the poor exhausted cattle eat the damp though withered grass, and at nine in the morning reached Guardia del Equina, a poor village of thirty-two Ranchos. Here are some old mud forts, whence the cannon have however been removed ; this military establishment, which was built by the old Spaniards to awe the Indians, is now given up. We rested all night at this place to repair our carts, and sent back about 100 of the Pampas of Buenos Ay res to Tucuman, -15 most worn-out bullocks. While these affairs were proceeding I examined the vegetation^ but as the ground is dry and saline I only found a paniculated Syngenesious shrub^ and a spe- cies of Hordeum, Round the old forts^ where the ground has been broken up, the land is covered with the common Hore- hound and Fennel : these plants^ which are inseparable com- panions, always occur in great abundance in similar spots, springing up wherever the original soil has been disturbed. 25th. Having now passed that part of the road which is considered the most dangerous from the attacks of Indians, we halted for six hours, but as it was by the side of a horribly stinking marsh, the clouds of mosquitoes prevented our get- ting any sleep. Most of the day was spent in crossing the bog, during which time I had the gratification of gathering a very beautiful kind of Digitalis, with crisped linear leaves. We then changed the draught beasts and resumed our journey on a fine dry ground, which, gradually rising, brought us to the summit of the highest ridge we had yet passed. From the summit we had before us one of the finest and most welcome views that could be imagined. Hitherto we had been travel- ling over a lonely desert, bare of everything but grass of a foxy-brown colour ; but now our eyes were suddenly glad- dened with a delightfully fresh verdure ; a beautiful serpent- ine river, the Corcouneon, slowly winding its course through richly wooded land, adorned with lakes of clear looking water. Several of the fields have the appearance of being cultivated with wheat and maize ; this is owing to the fresh grass spring- ing up after the process of burning the ground. A little be- fore sunset we came to a beautiful piece of water where I had the comfort of getting myself thoroughly washed ; — no small refreshment, after travelling for three weeks through clouds of dust. Here I found a curious Eryngium, smelling strongly like Angelica, and a species of Eupatorium with fine tufts of peach-coloured flowers. [To be continued.] 16 W. S. MacLeay on the Structure and III. — Observations on Trilobites^ founded on a comparison of their structure with that of living Crustacea. By W. S. MacLeay, M.A., F.L.S., &c.* Trtlobites were originally considered by Klein and others to be a particular kind of molluscous shell with three lobes. This supposition, however, was afterwards abandoned as un- tenable, and remained so until Latreille, in the 7th volume of the ^ Annales du Museum/ revived it and referred the trilo- bitic fossils to the genus Chiton among the Mollusca. Latreille founded his argument on the presumed absence of feet, and on the lateral edges of the body in several species having been sub-coriaceous. It is evident, nevertheless, that these early inhabitants of the sea could not have belonged to the sub- kingdom Mollusca, since they possessed compound sessile eyes and a distinct labrum. They must, therefore, be assigned to the sub-kingdom Annulosa, in which w^e may find many articulated animals which have compound eyes and a labrum very similar in structure to those of Trilobites. Having a hard, shelly, apterous tergum and inconspicuous feet, the Tri- lobites must have either belonged to the order Chilognatha among the Ametabola, or to the class of Crustacea. But all the Chilognatha are terrestrial animals, and the obvious geo- logical fact is, that Trilobites resided in the sea. We must clearly therefore exclude them from the Chilognatha and place them among the Crustacea, in which class it becomes now necessary to determine their exact place. The class of Crustacea, so remarkable above all other ani- mals for the great variation of their feet, both in number and form, is divisible into two groups ; those which have the eyes sessile or the Edriophthalma of Leach, and those w^hich have their eyes supported on moveable peduncles or the Pod- ophthalma of Leach. To the Edriophthalma the Trilobites clearly belong, and the question is now reduced to determine merely whether they belong to the Amphipoda or those existing Crustacea which do not undergo metamorphosis in their larva state, (among which I include not only the Amphipoda of La- * Reprinted with permission from R. I. Murchison's valuable work on the * Silurian System.' Affinities of TriloUtes, 1? treille, but also his Lcemodipoda and Isopoda,) or whether they belong to the Entomostraca or those existing Edriophthalma which do undergo a change of form in their larva state. I conceive that the Trilobites will be found to differ in so many- respects from both the Amphipoda and Entomostraca, that ac- cording to the present state of our knowledge, we must allow them to form a distinct order, intermediate between the tribe Isopoda on the one side, and the tribe Aspidophora on the other. Those circumstances which generally are reckoned most anomalous in the Trilobites are not in reality so very extraor- dinary, since they may be detected in many Crustacea now existing. Thus the trilobed form of the body occurs in Serotis and Bopyrus. The membranaceous or rather coriaceous mar- gin of the body, assumed by Latreille and others to exist in Trilobites, is to be found in the female CymothocB, In these last animals also, as well as in the female Bopyrus, we observe the eyes to disappear as in many Trilobites. The compound eyes of Calymene are situated on the back of the head, but wide apart, and are composed of large facets. The same structure may be seen in the male of Cymothoa trigonocephata, and many other Cymothoad(S, The absence of antennae and the rudimentary state of the feet, both occur in Bopyrus, the well- known parasite of prawns. In Spheroma we have not only the onisciform body of Calymene, but also its property of roll- ing itself up into a ball. In Spheroma also we find the large convex semicircular anal segment ofBumastus, I think, there- fore, that we can have no hesitation now in allowing the im- mediate affinity of the Trilobites to Isopod Amphipoda, and more particularly to the Cymothoadce and that parasitical group which is called Epicarides by Latreille. Indeed, if the Trilobites are once demonstrated to have possessed articulated feet, it will be difficult to remove a male Bopyrus from the group. Here the two eyes are placed on the back of the head wide apart. Here also there are no antennae, no posterior lateral abdominal appendages, and besides no very distinct articulation to the sternum. If the Bumastus of Murchison had a body of thirteen equal segments with short crustaceous feet it would be a male Bopyrus, so close is the affinity ! The differences between a male and female Bopyrus, such for in- Ann, Nat. Hist, Vol.4. No. 21. Sept, 1839, c 18 W. S. MacLeay on the Structure and stance as the presence of eyes in the former and the want of them in the latter, may also induce us to fancy that similar differences may have possibly occurred between certain male and female Trilobita, which from their prima facie difference of form are now placed in distinct genera, although they may have truly belonged to one and the same species. Serolis has been generally considered to come near to Paradoxides ; but as the former has got four well-developed antennae with crus- taceous feet, and the latter none, I am inclined to believe the relation between them to be one of analogy rather than of im- mediate affinity. — Let us now turn to the Entomostraca, Dr. Buckland, following other authors, has compared the Trilobites with the genera Limulus and Branchipus, With the latter genus, however, they obviously have no immediate affinity; although it maybe well, by reference to Branchipus, to show that Crustacea can and actually do exist, with sofl membranaceous feet, such as Audouin and Brongniart sus- pected, and Goldfuss has more lately asserted, to have been the feet of Trilobites. When, nevertheless, I take into consi- deration the perfect manner in which the soft body of an ani- mal referred to me by Mr. Miu-chison, and by that gentleman called Nereites Cambrensis, has left its impression in a slaty rock, I confess I find it difficult to understand how the ves- tiges of legs in a Trilobite (if such legs ever really existed) should not be more evident than Goldfuss has represented them in his plates. In short, I consider the question of feet to remain still unsettled. At the same time I ought to remark, that if the Trilobites were Crustacea, between Apus and Bo- pyruSy a fact I conceive capable of demonstration, they must have been in possession of subabdominal, laminar, oviferous^ appendages. Now, no traces of such appendages remain, consequently we can easily understand how feet of a similar membranaceous consistency may have disappeared in like manner. I may here observe, that Brongniart is certainly wrong in imagining that the Ogygia Guettardi had oval ovi- ferous bags appendent to the abdomen like Cyclops, for what he considers to be such organs are more probably the mem- branaceous margin of the abdomen, and, besides, Ogygia has no immediate affinity to Cyclops, With reference to Limulus, Affinities of Trilobites, 19 its crustaceous, semilunar cephalothorax bears considerable resemblance to that of certain Trilobites, such as the genera Ogygia, Asaphus, Paradoxides, &c. In Limulus, we find reni- form, compound eyes placed widely apart on the back of the head, and consisting of pecuhar facets. We find, also, an indi- stinct trilobed structure of the superior abdominal shield. But then this is composed of a number of confluent segments, so as to appear of one piece ; and, besides the two ocelli, the large crustaceous feet and cheliform antennae throw Limulus far away from the Trilobites. We must, therefore, compare them with Apus and other Aspidophora ; animals which, in my opi- nion, of all the Entomostraca, appear to come nearest to the Trilobita, Here we have a large clypeiform shell, rounded in front, and posteriorly emarginate, which forms a cephalotho- rax, on the back of which are situated three eyes. Of these the two largest are lunated, and obviously correspond to the eyes of Trilobita, although they are placed proportionally much nearer to each other. It is true they are simple, but so appear to have been the eyes of Bumastus *. The abdomen, divided into many distinct segments, the foliaceous feet, the structure of the front of the cephalothorax, the two rudiment- ary antennae, the large labrum and projecting mandibles, all show the affinity of Apus to the Trilobites, more particularly to Asaphus platycephalus, in a specimen of which from Lake Huron, Mr. C, Stokes has discovered a subquadrate labrum, which only differs from that of Apus, in being anteriorly deeply emarginate, while the latter is truncated. Dr. Buck- land has compared this organ to that of crabs, but decapod Crustacea possess a very different structure, and the thing most like this labrum is to be found among the Xipliosura, or still better, among \hQ Aspidophora of Latreille, of which group this naturalist's genus Prosopistoma ought more particularly to be compared with Trilobites. I am not aware, however, that any trilobite has yet occurred with vestiges of ocelli. * The distinction between smooth eyes and granulose eyes does not seem to be of much importance in these animals ; for among the existing family of CymothoidcB we not only see tlie males of some species with eyes and the females without them, but we observe neighbouring genera, such as Eurijdice and Nelocira, the one with granulose eyes like a C.-lymene, and the other with smooth eyes like a Bumastus. c 2 20 W. S. MacLeay on the Structure and Still there are characters which, in my opinion, distinguish Trilobites from almost all other Crustacea ; and among these characters I would particularly mention the absence of all la- teral, posterior, abdominal appendages. Excepting Bopyrus^ and certain Lcemodipoda, all the Amphipoda possess these anal appendages, which are generally styliform, articulated and in number two. The Lcemodipoda, however, want these append- ages, because the whole abdomen in them has become eva- nescent, a case totally different from that of Trilobites, which, hke Bopyrus, have a well-developed abdomen consisting of many segments. I therefore consider this deficiency of anal appendages to a well-developed abdomen, when joined with the evanescent feet and the total absence of antennae, to be characters separating the Trilobita from all Crustacea except Bopyrus, The affinities of the group may be roughly expressed by the following diagram. AMPHIPODA, If we allow any accuracy to belong to the foregoing remarks on the affinities of Trilobites, it will follow that the class of Crustacea may for the present be distributed into orders, thus ; viz. Normal Group. Orders. r Decapoda, Lat. Antenniferous region PoDOPHTHALMA, Leach. of head confluent Animals having their j with the thorax. eyes supported on move- j Stomatopoda, Lat. Antenniferous region able peduncles. 1 of head distinct L from the thorax. * Bopyrus may possibly belong to the Trilobita, but I confess I do not see how Agnostus can. Nor do I believe that the latter fossil has any con- nexion with the Annulosa at all. Affinities of Trilobites. 21 Aberrant Group. Edriophthalma, Leach. Animals having their eyes sessile. Orders, r Amphipoda, Lat. Trilobita, Brongn. Entomostraca, Lat. Head distinct with four antennae. Feet thick andcrustace- ous. Animals not undergoing meta- morphosis. Head distinct without antennae. Feet ru- dimentary, soft, and membranaceous. Head rarely, if ever, distinct from tho- rax, but provided with antennae. Feet always distinct. Animals undergo- ing metamorphosis. With regard to the habits of true Trilobites^ these animals have been supposed by some naturalists to be parasitical ; but I conceive this hypothesis not to be very tenable, since almost all existing articulated parasites that adhere externally to other animals have strong feet, hooked at the end for that purpose. Now the Trilobites certainly had no such strong crustaceous hooks to their feet, or these hooks would have long since been detected. The close affinity of Trilobites to Bopyrus does not prove a parasitical mode of life, for Sphceroma and other Cymo' thoad(B which, like Trilobites, have the power of coiling them- selves up into a ball, are not parasitical, although so close in affinity to the parasitical genus Cymothoa, Nay, it has been said that the Cymothoadce and Epicarides do not draw their nourishment directly from the animals to which they adhere ; but, on the contrary, live entirely on the animalculae brought to them in the water by the play of the branchiae, near which they always take their post. Still the close connexion of Tri- lobites with Bopyrus, and their feet almost null, if not entirely so, induce me to think that these animals must have been to a certain degree sedentary. The flat under surface of their bodies, and the lateral coriaceous margin of several species, which is so analogous to that of Chiton, make it probable that they ad- hered with a soft articulated underside either to rocks or fuci. They appear to have been among Crustacea what the Vermes or white-blooded worms are among Ametabola, — often without eyes, and always without antennae or distinct feet. If they had feet, as Audouin and Goldfuss imagine, and, as indeed is 22 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, most probable, they must have been so small, so membrana- ceous, so soft, and so rudimentary, as almost to be useless to the animals for locomotion. The mouth, so analogous to that ofApuSy makes us imagine that theTrilobites were carnivorous; and they may possibly have fed on Acrita, Annelida, or naked Mollusca, That they had to search for their food, and that they possessed some small power of locomotion, is to be in- ferred from their highly organized eyes ; for no truly sessile animal is provided with sight. The Balanus, when it becomes sedentary, loses its eyes, as does also, in like case, the female Coccus, I imagine, therefore, that although the Trilobites were to a certain degree sedentary, more particularly the blind ones, they must have had some power of crawling over a flat surface ; but whether they moved by rudimentary, soft, mem- branaceous feet, or whether it was by means of the undula- tion of setigerous segments, like the earth-worm, or by wrin- kling the under surface of the abdomen like a Chiton, are ques- tions yet to be determined. One thing, moreover, is in my opinion clear, from their longitudinally trilobed form and la- teral coriaceous margin ; namely, that they had the power of adhering to a flat surface, like a Chiton, Bopyrus, or Coccus, While thus sedentary, the hard, although thin dorsal shell, probably saved them in some degree from the attacks of fishes, just as that of Chiton protects such Mollusca from all fishes except the Scaridce, The Trilobites probably, like Ostrece, Chitones, Cocci, and other sedentary animals, adhered in masses one upon the other, and thus formed those conglome- rations of individuals which are so remarkable in certain rocks. IV. — Flora Insularum Nov(S Zelandice Precursor; or a Spe- cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand, By Allan Cunningham, Esq. [Continued from vol. iii. p. 319.] TILIACE^,/m55. Entelea, R. Br., Juss. Calyx 4i — 5 phylkis. Petala 4. Stamina indefinita uniformia, Antheris subrotundisincumbentibus. Stigma denticiilatum. Capsida sphseroidea, echinata, G-locularis, semi 6-vaIvi3, polysperma. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 23 601. E. arhorescens. 72. 5r. Mss. J5o^ ilfa^r. 2480.— Apeiba australis. A, Rich. FL Nov. Zel. p. 301. t. 34.— Corchorus Sloanoides. Sol. Ms. in Bihl, Banks. Whau or Iwau, indig. R. C. New Zealand (Northern Island).— 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the Bay of Islands. — 1826, A. Cunningham. Arhuscula 12 — 15 pedalis, ramis teretibus pubescentibus. Folia alterna, longe petiolata, palmaria, subcordata, palmato 3 — 5 loba, insequaliter eroso- dentata, prsesertim subtus pubescentia, pilis densis stellatis. StiptdcB binae, lanceolatse deciduae. Flores in racemum brevem, pauciflorum, peduncula- tum dispositi. ELiEOCARPEiE, Juss. 1. El^ocarpus, L. {Dicera, Forst.) 602. E. Hinau ; foliis petiolatis alternis oblongis subacuminatis obtusis basi sensim attenuatis dentato-serratis subter pube adpressa sericeis venosis, in venarum axillis ssepe saccato-foveolatis, racemis simplicibus axillaribus folio brevioribus, petiolis trilobatis, drupis ovatis, niicleo sulcato. — E. den- tatus. Fa7i/.%»26, iii.^. 67.— Dicera dentata. Forst. Prodr. n. 226. DC. Prodr. i. p. 520. A. Rich. FL Nov. Zel. p. 303. Hinau ab incolis vulgo nominatur. New Zealand (Northern Island).— 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Frequent in the forests of Wangaroa, Hokianga, &c. — 1826, A. Cunningham. (Middle Island.) Shores of Queen Charlotte's Sound.— 1773, G. Forster, Arbor procera, 50 — 60 pedalis ; rami teretes, patentes ; cortice brunneo- griseo. Folia alterna, oblonga, vel ovato-lanceolata, dentato-serrata, coriacea glabra, patentia, petiolata, subtus tenuissime sericea, pulchre reticulato-ve- nosa, et in axillis venorum saepe profunde foveolata. Racemi axillares sim- plicissimi, palmares, laxiflores, folio breviores. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis acutis villosis sequalibus patentibus. Petala alba, oblongo- dilatata, 3-lobata, 3-nervia, unguiculata, lobis oblongis obtusis undulatis in- termedio longiore. Stamina circiter 15 — 20. Anther cb lineares, teretiusculo- tetragonae, villoso-scabrae, 2-loculares, filamentis longiores, apice 2-valves dehiscentes, valva unica aristata, altera breviore reflexa. Discus hypogynus 5-glandulosuS; glandulis basi bifidis extus sericeis. Ovarium superum coni- cum sericeum 5-loculare. Stylus subulatus. Stigma simplex. Drupa nu- cleo sulcato 5-loculare ? loculis 4 plerumque abortivis. The wood of the Hinau is remarkable for its whiteness, but it is almost useless on account of the way in which it splits, when exposed either to wet or warmth. Its chief use is that it makes an excellent dye, either a light brown, puce or dark black, not removeable by wash- ing. The natives employ it (that is the outer skin of the bark) for the purpose of dyeing the black threads of their garments. — Yates*s Neiv Zealand, p. 49. 2. Friesia, DC. Calyx profunde 4-partitus, foliolis aequalibus ovatis. Petala 4, cuneata, 24 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, subungniculata, apice triloba. Discus glandulosiis. Stamina circiter 12. Anther (B cordato-oblongse, muticas, 2-loculares, poris sub apice debiscentes. Stylus leviter sulcatus, apice 2-vel 4-fidus. Bacca sicca, fragilis, 4-locularis, loculis dispermis. Seniina angulata subtriquetra, testa atra nitida, rugosa, Crustacea. 603. F. racemosa, foliis (oppositis) cordato-ovatis acuminatis petiolatis ingequaliter serratis flaccidis venosis, racemis compositis subpaniculatis pa- tentibus axillaribus ramulisque villosis. — Dicera ? serrata. Forst. Prodr. n. 227. DC. Prodr. i. p. 520. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 304.— Elseocarpus Di- cera. Vahl. Symh. in. p. 67. Maho-Mako of tbe natives. R. C. New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, ^^V Jos. Panics. Shady forests and margins of running streams, shores of the Bay of Islands, and elsewhere on the east coast where it usually flowers in Oct. and Nov. — 1 826, A. Cun- ningham. (Middle Island.) — 1773, G. Forster. Arhuseula erecta pulcherrima, 12 — 15 pedal is : rami paten tes, teretes, suboppositi. Folia membranacea, minute reticulato-venosa, juniora vavie violacea pui-purascentique picta. Flores in racemos patentes dispositi. Calyx villosus ciliatus. Petala albido-rosea vel purpurascentia, sepalis al- terna. Filamenta staminum cinereo-villosa. Stylus deciduus. STERCULIACE^, Kunth. Endl {BomhacecB, D.C?) Plagianthus, Forst. Flores hermaphroditi. Calyx subhaemisphsericus 5-fidus aut dentatus, persistens. Petala 5, cum tubo staminum unita. Stamina 10 — 12, fila- lamenta in tubum cylindraceum unitum. Pistillum solitarium. Ovarium ovatum, 1 — 2 ovulatum, ovuiis suspensis. Stylus crassiusculus. Stigma magnum bilobum, hinc decurrens, papillosum. Capsula subdrupacea 1 — 2 cocca, apiculata indehiscens. Cocculi 1-spermi. Semen pendens. Albu- men carnosum. Embryo immersus, curvatus. Radicula cylindracea, ad hilum seminis versa: Cotyledones majusculas planre subfoliaceae longitudi- naliter undulatse.— Arbores vel Frutices. Folia stipulata, alterna, linearia aut ovata. Flores siihsolitarii paniculatique. 604. P. divaricatus, glaber, foliis fasciculatis lineari-spathulatis obtusis integerrimis patentibus trinerviis floribus solitariis binisve axillaribus, pe- talis obovatis ad basin tubi staminum unitis, lobis stigmatis tubo inclusis, caule fruticoso. Forst. Prodr. n. 254. DC. Prodr. i. p. 477. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 299. Bot. Mag. 3271 . Runa, indigenis. R. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Frequent in salt marshes on low sides of rivers, where it forms dense bushes. — 1826, A. Cunningham. (Middle Island). — 1773, G. Forster. Frutex gracilis, diffusus, 3 — 4 pedalis, ramis virgatis divaricatis altemis teretibus prorsus glabris, cortice atro-brunneo, stipulis procumbentibus. Flores solitarii interdum bini ; pedicellis bvevibus. Calyx cyathiformis, 5- dcntatus, dentibus acutis parvis brevibus divaricatis. Petala ovata, conca- specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. 25 viuscula, patentia, flavescentia. Stigma bilobum, longitudine tubi staminum. Ovarium parce tomentosum, mono-dicoccum, ovulis penduHs. 605. P. betulinus; ramulis foliisque villosis, foliis sparsis petiolatis ovato- lanceolatis acuminatis grosse insequaliterque serrato-trinerviis, floribus ter- minalibus lateralibusve ramoso-paniculatis decompositis, pilis cinereis con- spersis, petalis lineari-spathulatis subciliatis ad medium tubi staminum co- haerentibus, lobis stigraatis patentibus tubum superantibus recurvis, caule arborescenti. New Zealand (Northern Island). A lofty tree on the banks of the Kana- Kana river, near its head, Bay of Islands. — 1833, R. Cunningham. Arhor procera, 70 pedalis. Rami strieti, teretes ; juniores tomentosi, pilis stellatis, cortice iibroso tenaci brunneo. Stipules deciduse. Flores paniculati, ramis patentibus villosis. Calyx 5-fidus ; lacinise ovatae acuminatae, nervosae, coriaceae, rigidae, patentes. Petala alba, spathulata. Stigma bilobum, tubo staminum longius. Ovarium villosum, 1-loculare, uniovulatum. Ovulum pendulum. 606. P. urticinus ; ramulis foliisque canescentibus, foliis sparsis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis attenuatis grosse inaequaliterque serratis venosis, panieulis ramosis terminalibus, petalis lineari-spathulatis elongatis acutis, juxta basin tubi staminum concretis, stylo omnino incluso, caule fruticoso. New Zealand (Northern Island). Among underwood on the banks of the Kana-Kana river, Bay of Islands. — 1 826, A. Cunningham. Frutex 6 — 8 pedalis. Rami virgati, teretes laxiusculi, ramulis altemis brevibus, foliatis. Stipul cur- tantes ; clava sublinearis, apice acuminata, articulo 10° fere duplo longior; thorax longiovatus : prothorax transversus, brevis antice angustior : meso- thoracis scutum longitudine paullo latius ; parapsidum suturae bene determi- natae ; scutellum fere conicura : metathorax sat magnus, declivis postice angustior : petiolus brevis : abdomen sublineare, breve, planum, thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1""^ magnum ; 2""^ et sequentia breviora ; sexualia exerta: pedes simplices, subaequales : alae sat magnae ; nervus hu- meralis ulnari duplo longior, ulnaris radiali brevior, cubitali paullo longior ; stigma parvum. Sp. 2. Misc. Gelanor, Mas. Cyaneo-viridis, abdomen cupreo-varium, an- tennce nigrce, pedes luteo-fulvi, femora fusca, alee limpidcB. Cyaneo-viridis : oculi et ocelli rufi : antennae nigrae, articuli 1"* et 2"^ vi- rides : abdominis discus cupreo-varius : pedes fulvi ; coxae virides ; tro- chanteres fusci ; femora supra fusca ; genua lutea ; protibiae lutese ; meso- et metatarsi apice fusci : alae limpidae : squamulae piceae ; nervi proalis picei, metalis fulvi. (Corp. long. lin. 1^ ; alar. lin. 2^) Found near Edinburgh, by Dr. Greville. 32 Mr. Walker on the British Chalcidites. Mas. M. Dirci proxima : corpus crassum, breve, convexiim, nitens, scitis- sime squameum, parce hirtiim: caput transversum, breve, thorace latius; ver- tex latus; frons abrupte declivis, vix impressa: oculi mediocres, non extantes: ocelli approxiinati : antennae validse, extrorsum crassiores, thorace paullo breviores ; articulus 1"* gracilis, subarcuatus, fere linearis ; 2"* longicya- thiformis; 3"'et4" minimi; 5"* et sequentes approximati, usque ad lO""* curtantes ; clava fusiformis, articulo 10° plus duplo longior: thorax brevi- ovatus, altus : prothorax brevissimus : mesothoracis scutum longitudine multo latius ; parapsidum suturse non bene determinatas ; paraptera et epi- mera magna; scutellum breviovatum, prominens : metathorax obconicus, declivis : petiolus brevis : abdomen longiovatum, convexum, breve, thorace brevius et angustius ; segmentum 1""^ magnum; 2"*" breve; 3""^ longius ; 4"™ adhuc longius ; 5"™ et 6"™ minima : pedes graciles, simplices, sub- sequales ; mesofemora subtus unisetigera : alse mediocres ; nervus humeralis ulnari plus duplo longior, cubitalis ulnari vix longior radiali multo brevior : stigma parvum, ramulum emittens perbrevem. 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IX. — On the Discoid Piths of Plants, By Ch. Morren, Professor of Botany in the University of Liege, Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Brussels, &c.* The immortal Grew could not dissect the wood of the walnut tree (Juglans regia, L.) without being struck with the very singular form of its pith, which is formed of lenticular empty discs and of transversal membranous septa f. Hill, in 1770> who also investigated the structure of woods, observed the same fact, and saw that this form originated exteriorly from a continuous ordinary pith {. Much later (in 1815) M. Mirbel made known a similar organization in the Nyssa aquatica, L. {Nyssa hiflora, Mx.) and in Phytolacca decandra §. In 1827 M. DeCandoUe the elder attempted to explain this fact by a rupture, asserting that the pith to assume this form must either have great cells or a tissue not susceptible of extension. The elongation of the young shoots then tore the pith across at the end of the first year, and thence arose both the discoidal cavities, and the transversal discs. This physiologist men- tioned, in addition to the walnut tree, the Jasminum officinaUy as presenting the same structure ||. In 1835 Treviranus ap- pears to adopt the explication of Hill, that the cavities and the discs are derived from a compact pith, and in that Trevi- ranus is perfectly right ; he does not mention any other plant in which this structure might be found If. These remarkable organizations seem to have escaped the scrupulous attention of M. Meyen, who does not notice them in his ^ Physio- logy **.* ♦ A translation of the MS. original communicated by the Author, t Grew. Anat. Plantarum, 1682. PI. 19. f. 4. X Hill. The Construction of Timber from its early growth explained by the Microscope. London, 1770. Tab. X. fig. 1 — 4. J Mirbel. Elemens de Physiologie V6g6tale, 1815, vol. i. p. 1 12. II DeCandolle. Organographie, vol. i. p. 167. ^ Treviranus. Physiologie der Gewachse, 1835, vol.i. p. 252. ** Meyen. Physiologie der Pflanzen, 1837, vol. i. p. 377. Ann, Nat. Hist, Vol.4. No. 22. Oct, 1839. g 74 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. It is highly probable that this structure is much more com- mon than is generally supposed, since by counting the Begonice among those plants which present it to us, as we have ob- served, we find that the discoid piths exist in the families of the Bantalacece, Juglandece, Phytolaccece, Jasmineae, and Bego- niacece, which have no similarity with each other. This in- duces me to suppose that further inquiries will prove the ex- istence of this form in many more plants. I should however remark that species of the same genus may in this respect completely differ. Thus Begonia argyrostigma presents a dis- coid pith, whilst Begonia undulata, B, semperfiorens, B, pa- pulosa, B, dichotoma, have a continuous pith*. Thus the Phytolacca decandra is furnished with a discoid pith, whilst that of the Phytolacca dioica. Ph. stricta, is continuous, &c. Some similar examples might also be taken from the genus Jasminum, the genus Nyssa, &c. This structure therefore de- pends upon some circumstance wholly specific, which neither extends to the genus nor to the family, and which consequently could never become of any importance in methodical distri- butions. Observation however has taught us that the physiology of the pith of dicotyledons would receive useful and remarkable improvements from the careful study of the formation of these medullary discs, for it is known that to few parts have been assigned so many different uses as to the pith. It was considered by some as the nervous system of the plant, even as the brain of this system ; by others, and that not long ago, as the apparatus of the ascension of the stem ; for, said they, if the brain is placed in the head, the organ which is placed in front in the progression of animals, the pith is placed in the stalky the organ which progresses upwardly in a plant. Then * In vegetable physiology great attention has been paid to the secretions of the pith and consequently to its colour : it is correctly said to be green at its origin and tuhite or hrown at a later period and when it is dead. But the Begonia papulosa exhibits the phsenomenon of a beautiful rec?pith when it arrives at maturity. The red is as bright as that of the beet-root, and this colour is caused by a red liquor without globules, which fills the prismen- chymatous cells of this pith, so that there is no difference between the kind of coloration of this part, which occupies the interior axis of the plant, and that of the most peripherical organs, such for instance as the derm, the pe- tals. This fact corroborates the opinion that in this phsenomenon the work is all cellular, that is to say, it resides in the cell itself and proceeds from it. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, 'J 5 the pith was said to be an organ which nourished the stem in its youth in order to aerate it subsequently (Hales) ; or it was that which formed the pistil, the supposed centre of the flower (Linnaeus). Now it is taken for an apparatus which nourishes the fruit, as milk nourishes the young animal, the fruit of the mother (Magnol) ; — now the pith becomes an attracting pump, which draws water from the soil by the vacuum it causes in the branch (Borelli). With one (Mal- pighi) it is a conductor of the sap ; with another (Plenck) it is a reservoir for the moisture which the young branch makes use of in dry weather. A celebrated physiologist (DeCandoUe) sees in it a cotyledon of the bud, that is to say an organ which nourishes the bud, as the cotyledon nourishes the plumula which germinates. Another philosopher, whose views we must confess are very ingenious (Du Petit Thouars), supposes it to be the substitute for the cotyledons ; for where these do not exist {Lecythis) the pith is in excess. Now in the midst of these differences of opinion one fact remains certain, which is that the bud has need of pith to be developed, it is its necessary sustentaculum, Raspail knew very well that the evolution of the bud is in reality a germina- tion under other forms. But, if this is become a settled truth, it must be acknowledged that a number of circumstances have remained unknown, and it is precisely the study of discoid piths which will reveal to us some of the most curious. This has induced me to publish at present the results of my ob- servations on these piths, the more so as these remarks have convinced me that if the explanation given by M. DeCandolle of their formation is correct, it must be understood in a cer- tain manner, and a restricted sense must be given to the word rupture; for were we to suppose that a rupture was a rent, a dis- solution of continuity effected with violence and with laceration of cells or of vessels, we should be quite wrong. In the same manner that a fruit opens by a predisposition of the tissues destined to break, that is to say to divide, so a pith perforated with transversal cavities is also ih.us, pierced by ^predisposition in the organic elements which lose their continuity by means of a structure appropriated to this purpose. If the text of adopted physiologies were taken literally, we should say that g2 76 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. it is the mode in which the elongation of the branch takes place which tears the pith regularly into discs, whilst obser- vation and the anatomy of the organs prove that these discs are the result of a condition of existence of the pith itself and not of the ligneous apparatus surrounding it. Such is the first conclusion I have come to in this investigation. It will subse- quently serve to prove that this phaenomenon of the separation of the pith into discoid plates is attended with several remark- able changes in the cells of this apparatus, and these changes are in fact the strongest proofs that can be brought to show effectually that the pith is a species oimamillafor the bud-, that the modifications which take place in the alimentary cells are the same as those which take place in a cotyledon during ger- mination, but still with conditions often quite different and even inverse. The modifying operation takes place in fact altogether in the cell, to the detriment, in the first place, of its contents, and afterwards of its envelope also. These results, and others in addition, which had not been thought of till now, will come out clearly from this investiga- tion ; and the better to convince the reader, I will go into the details themselves, — the analysis of the facts. I will first keep to the investigation of Begonia argyrostig- ma, which suits this kind of inquiry extremely well. If we take a young stem of this plant, fresh and quite healthy, the diameter of which at the bottom would be a centimetre and more, and diminishing by degrees from the bottom to the top by internodes of 8, 7^ 3, 1, 4 centimetres in length, and we examine its pith, it is found to be of such a size that it occupies -i-^ih.^ of the stalk. Moreover this pith (PI. II. fig. 1.) forms a column channeled by three deep grooves (A, B, C, fig. 1.), and by three slighter grooves alternating with the first («, b, c, fig. !.)• When the internode is 10 or 9 millimetres in diameter we ob- serve that the pith begins to be perforated with discoid cavi- ties tolerably equidistant, but separated by rather large masses of compact pith (e,f, fig. 2.). But if an internode of 6 or 7 millimetres in diameter is taken, we find a pith quite conti- nuous, compact, similar to that of a great number of plants. This change takes place suddenly ; for two successive inter- nodes, the one of 7 millimetres in diameter, the other of 9, Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 77 exhibited a continuous pith in the first and an interrupted pith in the second. On the section of an internode where the lenticular cavities are formed we see first the derm {a, fig. 2.), then the cellular envelope [b, fig. 2.), after which comes the ligneous sheath {c, fig. 2,), which at the nodes abuts on diaphragms that are also ligneous but not formed of fibres [d, fig. 2.). In the centre appears the pith {e, fig. 2.) and its cavities {f, fig. 2.). These cavities do not in their first state extend to the exterior limits of the pith, and their first appearance is that of a sim- ple transversal slit. These slits are separated by portions of compact pith, which are of six, eight, or ten times the extent of the slits. These slits, are they lacerations of tissue ? So we should believe, according to the assertion of M. DeCandoUe. But see- ing their evenness, the outline of their separation broken oif all at once, and the smooth and polished surface of their sides, this became very improbable. Where there are rents of tissue there is raggedness, irregular indentations, and jagged frag- ments ; here there are none of these. I presumed there- fore that this was rather a separation of tissue, and a sepa- ration brought about by a particular disposition of the ele- mentary parts. Examination with a microscope proves to me in fact that nature had so contrived it. Figure 4. explains this structure. The pith is formed by cells of 8-sided prisms, the sections of which are hexagons, but these hexagons are elongated and all laid transversely, so that the pith is definitely formed by layers of horizontally elongated cells. Now the slits are simple separations of these layers, with- out the cells themselves being in any way affected (/, m, fig. 4.). I am well aware, that on examination of piths cut longitu- dinally for the purpose of seeing these slits, open cells will be found, but these arise from the dissection; the others are all perfectly closed, but simply separated one from another. Here then is a first fact established, that if the pith is broken or slit, this interruption of continuity arises from a dis- location of the layers of cells, and that these cells are, in order 78 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, to be thus separated, laid flat one upon another in horizontal planes. We have seen that the slits do not extend to the circum- ference of the pith. There in fact the prismatic cells are no longer elongated, but as broad as they are high {d, fig. 4.). Nearer the exterior also the cells are again elongated, but in an inverse direction ; there they are perpendicular, that is to say parallel to the ligneous vessels on one side and to the axis of the stem on the other {b, c, fig. 4.). At the same time they become narrower, and it is these which represent the pith it- self in very old branches ; they are never divided by horizon- tal slits ; their longitudinal elongation is opposed to this. But what is most curious is the change which takes place in the contents of these cells, whether they be taken in the slit parts or in the circumference of the pith. In the cells longitudinally elongated and in those which are of equal dia- meter in every direction there is a great agglomeration of grains o/fecule (c^, d, fig. 4.). These granules are spheroidal, white, and vary greatly in diameter. More towards the centre some cells show these feculaceous grains, smaller and less frequent, and here and there octohedral crystals (/, fig. 4.) ; in the slit pith we see, though but seldom, cells with a nu- cleus en couronne {g, fig. 4.), but most frequently the cell is destitute of any internal body with the exception of its water of vegetation, which is transparent, without globules, and fills all its cavities, rendering them true aquiferous vessels. Such is the composition of this pith in its early stage. Now let us take an old stalk of Begonia argyrostigma. Here things have taken quite a different aspect. A derm which has become brown («, fig. 3), a cellular envelope solidified by a ligneous deposition [b, fig. 3.), a system of white wood (c, fig. 3.) clearly distinct from the nodal, ligneous and very hard dia- phragms {d, fig. 3.), and a pith singularly formed of exceed- ingly numerous, transverse, very thin discs, leaving between them lenticular cavities (/, fig. 3.), but generally formed by two discs with separate roots, discs which join at their centre, so that their double roots leave a fresh space empty between them [g, fig. 3.). It is just as if the pith had slit or Prof. C. Morren o% the discoid Piths of Plants. 79 rather separated into as many discs as possible, in order that each one might touch its neighbour, and that there might be the greater number of lenticular cavities between them. What is most astonishing is the regularity of this arrangement, as may be seen in figure 3. It now became a subject of interest to examine the intimate structure of these discs. And at first, upon taking them off the stalk, in the form of membranes of a shining reddish- brown and very dry, I was struck with the great number of brilliant points which were detached from their surface and powdered the stage of the microscope. These brilliant points were in fact a vast quantity oi octohedral crystals [f, fig. 5.) similar to those I had so clearly seen scattered in the young pith, but much more voluminous ; and others were dodeca- hedral crystals, some of which having their tops truncated, thus presented fourteen facets (e, fig. 5.). These crystals lined, principally the surfaces of the pith, all along the stem, rather than the transverse discs. The latter were formed of cells two or three times larger than those of the young pith, and nevertheless the stalk upon w^hich my observations were made, only measured twelve mil- lemetres in diameter, that is to say, two millemetres more than the stem where the pith, still young, was not yet formed of discs ; — a proof that it is not the augmentation of the stem w^hich by pulling the cells had caused their increase in diame- ter ; a proof, moreover, that this development of the cells has its origin in the cells themselves, and in the changes which they undergo. What characterized these cells was the numerous folds of their membrane (figs. 5. and 6.) ; which generally proceeded from central points whence they radiated (fig. 6.). The water of vegetation had disappeared, some few globules (fig. 5 Cy fig. 6 b) still remained here and there, but in general the or- ganic utricular element was dry and empty ; it was dead and withered. In resuming these observations on the discoid pith of the Begonia argyrostigma, we find that the formation of the discs is attended with a phasnomenon w^hich takes place in the cellular tissue itself, and which is connected with the me- 80 Prof. 0. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, tamorphoses which the cell undergoes by the exercise of the vegetable nutrition. In fact the following phases are seen in this pith : — First period, — The pith is continuous, full, compact, with- out interruption of continuity. It is composed of cells which have been spherical and which are become prismatic by their mutual compression. These cells lengthen by degrees trans- versely, and end by being disposed thus in horizontal planes. At this period the cell is filled with a liquid and fecule ; it overflows with nutritive substance ; its pith appears green, like the germinating cotyledon of a plant. Second period. — The pith is become more extended by the development of the branch ; the fecule changes into aliment- ary juice ; it dissolves by the operation of nutrition (does it become gum ?), first disappearing from the central cells of the pith, where the nuclei are formed at the same time with some granules of chlorophylle. By the loss of this nutritive substance, such inorganic substances as salts, obey the forces of the inorganic world, and crystallize by degrees ; the crystals being formed in the cells. The intracellular liquid, or the elaborated fluid which ori- ginates in the descending sap, and which has been transmitted to the pith by the medullary rays, is absorbed to the gain of the bud. The diminution which results from this absorption begins to dry up the cells which separate from one another horizontally. Then the slit is formed. We might say that the force of suction, wrought by the bud, took place in the axis of the stalk ; it is in fact in this axis that the slit is first formed. These slits are at first at great distances from one another. Third period, — The same facts continuing, results accumulate on results. The circumference alone of the pith still contains any fecule, but this nutritive substance has completely dis- appeared from the remainder of the pith. The water of ve- getation, the elaborated fluid of the sap, is more and more sub- tracted ; towards the bud, the pith dries more and more, the slits are multiplied and grow so large as to be true lenticular cavities, which leave between them medullary discs. The latter then are formed by layers of cells nicely separated one Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 81 from another, out of a mass primitively common, but without laceration of the partitions ; these, at first double for the con- tiguous cells, are now become isolated. At the same time the pith loses its green colour and be- comes of a clear yellow, by the drying up of the membranes of the cells, and brilliant points are formed ; these are nume- rous crystals which originate from the diminution of the liquid in which their elements were originally dissolved. It is so true that these changes take place in this manner, that if we cut a stalk of Begonia argyrostigma longitudinally, when it is fresh and the pith only slit, at the end of two days we see the slits become lenticular cavities and the medullary discs are formed at the same time that the pith drying up passes from green to yellow, and the crystals make their ap- pearance. In fact the sap is lost by evaporation, as in the plant it disappears by the suction of the bud ; but it is lost, and the same causes bring about the same results. Fourth period. — The bud being developed and the branch formed, the pith is become useless. It is deprived of all its juice ; its cellular tissue, whose cells are become large, is dried up completely ; the desiccation has separated all the layers of cells, and a considerable number of discs have been formed ; brown dry discs formed by the empty cells, without and within which the salts have crystallized in different forms. This is the period of death. What we have just proved in the case of the Begonia, we are able to see going on, with some few modifications, in Juglans regia, which offers several facts worthy of remark, and of which we shall speak briefly. The greater part of the buds of this tree are supported on short branches ; in this case the pith which is compact and without cavities is also very short, so that that which is formed of discs rises very high in the branch (fig. 6.), But it is by no means necessary to stop till the end of the first year, as M. DeCandolle has said, to see this compact pith converted into disciferous pith : it happens in the first year, and that at a veiy early period. The dissection, fig. 6 bis, clearly shows that the pith in the vicinity of the buds is quite full of juices, and that its separation into discs begins in the middle en 82 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. cone^ as if the removal of the nutritive matter first took place there. The compact pith in the walnut tree is composed of a num- ber of small cells nearly in the form of cubes^ all equal to one another, white, transparent, having very few globules, but containing at a very early period masses of small crystals, or true muriform calculi, which occupy the centre of the cells. At a later period, when the pith separates into discs, and dies, the cells undergo very few modifications. I sought on a walnut tree a branch whose young shoot was very long. The terminal bud was separated from the last leaf but one by an internode of nine centimetres in length. Then came a leaf at five centimetres distance, and another eleven centimetres lower down. On this branch the pith was full at twelve centimetres lower than the terminal bud ; but at each leaf bearing a bud in its axil, the pith was perforated by some lenticular cavities, as may be seen at A. fig. 7» Here the action of the bud in emptying the pith is fuUy evident, and a better proof could not be brought that it is really to the absorbing action of the bud that we owe the division of the pith into discs. I cut this long branch into two and dried it. The next day the compact pith had lost its liquid to so great a degree that the stem was hollowed into a gutter ; the slits were greatly increased, but the membrane formed by the pith was also seen dried up and covering the bottom of the gutter formed by the half of the stem slit longitudinally ; this membrane was also raised by as many hollow vesicules as there would have been lenticular cavities if the stalk had remained entire : here is a manifest proof that there is in the constitution of the pith a predisposition to separate thus into discs, and this predispo- sition consists in nothing more than the manner in which the layers of the cells are placed. Figure 8. shows what happens when the pith is regularly exhausted by the suction of the bud. Then such regular discs form with two or three (or even more) roots and intermediate discoid cavities (e,/, fig. 8.). A part of the pith adheres to the ligneous tube and does not split {d, fig. 8.). I examined the discs formed by this old, dry, dead pith. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, 83 The cells (fig. 9.) remain the same, cubic, somewhat transpa- rent, and forming two or three layers in the centre with a massive root (A, fig. 9.) either surrounding the disc or di- vided. Some cells have their crystalline calculi also in the centre, but the greater part of such crystals are scattered outside the cells and fall off when the branch of the walnut tree is opened. We know that this tree diffuses a powerful odour, owing to the evaporation of a very subtle volatile matter, which has a deleterious effect upon some persons, who suffer from head- ache when they sleep under the tree or handle any part of it. In the numerous dissections which I have made of the plant in my study I have felt this effect myself. All the parts of the plant are full of this empyreumatic matter. We know that in Circassia the tree is bored in the spring to draw off a liquid matter which coagulates and which the Circassians use in debilitant diseases and in affections of the lungs*. I was very much surprised to find a resinous substance in the old pith of this tree, which accumulates on the discs, and there forms very singular tear-shaped masses (fig. 9. c). These yellow masses have a multitude of different peculiar figures, but in general they are tuberosities supported by feet, the parts of which radiate in order to place and attach them- selves on the medullary discs. On the tuberosities there are projections of tissue also radiating, and all the tissue itself of these masses is as it were granulated with a tendency to irradi- ation. This is explained at fig. 9. in c, where I have drawn one of these masses with two feet. The existence of this substance in this place would lead us to think that in the exhaustion of the pith by the bud all the substances are not equally absorbed, and that some of them remain in the exhausted pith, which would then become not only an alimentary organ of the bud, a reservoir of air, but also a place of deposit, or, if we choose, a species of cloaca where substances henceforward useless accumulate. I know not whether pith has as yet been considered in this latter point of view, but the inorganic crystals accumulated in some * See the excellent work of Dr. Lindley, Flora Medica. London, 1838, p. 30«. 84 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, of them, and the deposition of the resinous matter, which we have seen exists in the pith of walnut trees, authorizes us to think thus. I said above that nothing was more unequal than the dis- tribution of the discoid piths in the different species of the same genus. If the examples which I have quoted are not sufficient, I will take the genus Jasminum, where Jasminum azoricum, L., offers a dense continuous pith filled with juice, and Jasminum officinale a discoid pith. That of the last spe- cies being sufficiently known, I have preferred, for multiply- ing examples and consequently our knowledge, to investigate the Jasminum fruticans, L., whose beautiful little pith offers the most dehcate diaphragms that can be seen : we might suppose it to be a section of some vein with valves, when it is cut across ; but this pith is one of the most interesting for ex- hibiting the real object which nature had in emptying the piths in favour of the bud ; for here the phaenomena of nutri- tion are so capable of appreciation, that it is one of the best examples to give in a course of vegetable physiology. I stop then to examine the Jasminum fruticans. If we take the top of the flowering stalk of this species, we find a continuous pith, the nearly cubic cells of which present a great quantity of little granules. If tincture of iodine is passed over a section of this stalk all the pith and cellular en- velope instantly become blue. The fact is that both are filled with fecule, these granules being nothing else. At that time the two reservoirs of fecule, stained blue by iodine, are dis- tinctly separated by the fibres of the ligneous system, which do not become blue. If a subjacent internode is taken where the medullary discs are already formed, and if the preparation is passed through tincture of iodine, we first see the cellular envelope become blue, then two blue lines within the fibrous system ending at the discs of the pith, which are of a paler blue. At this period the fecule in fact still exists throughout the cellular system, but in a smaller quantity in the centre of the pith, where it has been absorbed to the advantage of the buds. Lastly, if we take an older internode, the iodine only co- lours the exterior system, and two lines of the pith, those of Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 85 its circumference ; in a vertical section of the stalk the discs remain without colour, but their roots become blue. Figure 10. represents this. The cells a. contain some fecule b, at- tached to their partition ; the cells c, d. have their fecule in a mass in the centre of their cavity ; and the cells of the discs e,f, g. have no longer any fecule at all. Here we may per- ceive, and there is no better way, the absorption of this nu- tritive substance, after which the pith dries up and separates its layers of cellules. In fact, in Jasminum fruticans, where the pith is like a lace- net, the discs are extremely fine ; which arises from their being formed by a single plane of very small cells. There is then not the slightest occasion, as has been supposed, for the cells to be great in order for the pith to slit into discs. Here they are of the smallest size. In Jasminum officinale the discs are also so minute that the cells sometimes separate, and thus leave real holes by which the cavities communicate with one another. This dis- position allows the pith of this plant to be injected, especially with wax made red with cinnabar, and when cold it is one of the most beautiful preparations of vegetable anatomy. I have some stems thus preserved in the museum at Liege. The Phytolacca decandra presents enormous lenticular cavities, as figure 12. shows (e.), the intermediate discs of which are also very thick. The tissue which forms them is a prismenchyma with very large cells, which is the opposite of the jessamine, and proves that the size of these bodies has nothing to do with the separation of the pith into discs. These cells have numerous clusters of acicular crystals be- tween them [dy fig. 13.), and in the cells themselves very small globules are seen. The membranes are very fuU of folds, but here also, when we dissect with care, we find no broken cells nor a true rent. It is proved then, by these numerous examples, that a dis- organization of tissue does not exist in the formation of these cells. The pith is exhausted by furnishing the bud with its fe- cule, as does the cotyledon ; but if this then changes into a leaf in the epigeous plants, by turning its diachyma green, the pith on the contrary from being green becomes blanched and com- 86 Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants, pletely exhausted, and remains a vehicle for air and reservoir of excreted substances, henceforward of no use for vegetable life. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IL Fig. 1. Transverse section of the stem of a young Begonia argyrostigma. A, B, C. Great grooves of the pith. a, h, c. Small grooves of the pith. Fig. 2. Vertical section of a similar stem. A. Node. B. Upper internode. C. Lower internode. a. Derm. b. Mesophloeum. c. Ligneous system. d. Nodal diaphragm. e. Pith. /. Slit of the pith. Fig. 3. Vertical cut of an old stalk of the same plant. A. Node. B. Upper internode. C. Lower internode. a. Derm. b. Reticulated mesophloeum. c. Ligneous system, very much developed. d. Nodal diaphragm. e. Medullary discs. /. Medullary cavities. g. Roots of the discs. Fig. 4. Young pith very much enlarged. a. Vessels of the medullary sheath. b. Vertical cells with fecule. c. Shorter feculiferous cells. d. Prismatic cells with fecule. c' — d'. Fecule. e. Cells where the fecule disappears. /. Crystals. g. Nucleus. i. Septa of very minute cells. Ic. Cells of the discs. I. Angle of the cavity. m. Cavity. Fig. 5. Old disc cut. a. Dry cells folded. c. Rare globules. d. Folds. e,f. Crystals. Arvn.Ml.msdyoV.^. Pl.H. J-t^. Be^tmiXJ. ar^fffrosU^ma^. 6-^. Julians reejut. Prof. C. Morren on the discoid Piths of Plants. 87 Fig, 6. Cells seen from the top of the disc in Begonia argyrostigma. a. Folds. h. Globules. Fig. 6 his. Bud of Juglans regia cut open longitudinally. a. Derm. b. Mesophloeum. c. Ligneous system. d. Medullary discs. e. Compact pith. /. Pith of the terminal bud. g. Scar of the leaf. Fig. 7. Branch of Juglans with very compact pith. A. Bud corresponding to the a. Medullary cavities. h. Other medullary cavities. c. Compact pith. Fig. 8. Old dead branch of Juglans regia. a. Derm. b. Mesophloeum. c. Ligneous system. ^. Medullary discs. e. Roots of these discs. /. Medullary cavities. Fig. 9. Isolated disc, much enlarged, taken from an old branch. A. Root of the disc. B. Disc. a. Empty cells. b. Crystalliferous cells. c. Mass of resinous matter. Fig. 10. Discs o{ Jasminum fruticans. a. Cells which are void. b. Fecule c, d. Cells still replete with fecule. e, /, g. Discs with empty cells. Fig. 11. Branch of Jasminum fruticans. Fig. 12. Section of the stalk of Phytolacca decandra. a. Derm. b. Mesophloeum. c. Wood. d. Medullary discs. e. Empty spaces. Fig. 13. Cells of the discs. a. Cells. b. Folds. c. Globules. d. Clusters of crystals. 88 Dr. Philippi on ttvo new Species of Euplocamus. X, — Zoological Notices, By Dr. A. Philippi*. [With a Plate.] 1. On two new species o£ Euplocamus, Two new species, which appear to be rare in the Neapolitan sea, are added to my genus Euplocamus, which stands between Doris and Tritonia, and with only two species of which I was previously acquainted, E. croceus from the Sicilian sea, and E, claviger {Boris claviger, O. F. Miiller). They were disco- vered by M. Arcangelo Scacchi, who is the best acquainted with the Conchylia of this neighbourhood, and has rendered some services of no slight value to the cause of science by several papers published on this subject, which appear to be entirely unknown out of Italy f. Since he has for some time devoted his attention exclusively to the study of mineralogy he has allowed me to make known his discoveries to the public, and I commence with the present notices ; at the same time I may observe that not only has he kindly committed to my care his drawings made from life for this purpose, but also the animals in spirit for my use. The one species I call Euplocamus frondosus \ corpora croceo, verruculoso, branchiis ana- libus 5, bipinnatis ; lateralibus utrinque 6, anticisque 4, arbo- rescenti divisis. Plate III. fig. 1. The specimen preserved in spirits is greatly contracted ; its length amounts to 13'", its breadth 8'", its thickness 6"'; it is quite colourless and only exhibits a small grayish space arising from confluent points. The drawing represents an animal 28''' long and 11'" broad, truncate in front, behind narrower and somewhat tapering. Otherwise the animal is nearly quadrate, the upper lateral margins unite posteriorly before the apex, at the same time losing somewhat in distinctness, and each car- ries six hrandiice. The front and upper margin carries four of them, which are somewhat smaller than the side branchiae, * Translated from Wiegmann's ' Archiv.' Part 2, 1839. f Lettero di Arcangelo Scacchi su vari testacei napoletani al Signor D. Carlo Tarentino. Napoli 1832. — Osservazioni zoologiche di A. Scacchi. Napoli 1833. — Notizie intorno alle Conchiglie ed a zoofiti fossili che si tro- vano nelle vicinanze di Gravina in Puglia di Arcangelo Scacchi. Articolo estratto de XII. a XIII. fascicolo degli anali civili. Napoli 1836. — Cata- logus Conchyliorum Regni Neapolitani quae usque adhuc reperit A. Scacchi. Neapoli 1836. ■'Im .. ////y/ . 7^.i-/^.Vol. IV, PI EI Dr. Philippi on two neio Species o/' Euplocamus. 89 but are otherwise perfectly similar. Both are arborescently ramified. The anal bronchia are situated nearly in the same line with the penultimate side branchiae^ are five in number, the odd one bent forwards and bipinnate. They appear not to be retractile. The anus stands directly behind them in the form of a small tube. The mouth is situated on the front side inferiorly, and exhibits in the specimen preserved in spirits a perpendicular fissure and several cross folds. At some distance in front of this is situated on each side an oval epidermal fold, which in an expanded state must form mode- rately long inferior tentacula. The dorsal tent acuta are 5'" long in the drawing, and consist as in Doris of a cylindrical stem and a pointed foliaceous club ; they are also in like man- ner retractile into cavities, as proved by the specimen in spi- rits, where only two curved apertures are to be seen in their place. The orifice for the organs of generation is on the right side, somewhat before the third branchia. The colour is orange-yellow, with some scarlet-red points. The small warts represented in the drawing cannot be distinguished on the preserved specimen. Euplocamus croceus approaches by its colour and other characters near to the present species; but it is certainly distinguished, 1. by smaller size and especially far less breadth; 2. the lateral branchiae are proportionally much longer, and only ramified once; 3. the anal branchiae are al- most simple, and only furnished with a pair of short filaments towards the clavate extremity. Euplocamus cirriger ; sordide roseus, branchiis lateralibus utrinque 5, anticisque 4, filiformibus, branchiis analibiis 9, filiformibus, ciliatis branchiis? succedaneis filiformibus in dorso quinque. Plate in. fig. 2. The specimen in spirits, appearing but slightly contracted, measures 8"^ in length, 3'" in breadth, 2^"' in height; the drawing is 18'" long and 6"' broad. The form of the body is again parallelopiped, truncate in front, narrower posteriorly ; the foot however projects further out than in the other spe- cies, and terminates posteriorly with a subulate filament, which is not represented in the drawing. The upper border or the margin of the cloak also projects in the form of a narrow epi- dermal fringe. On each lateral margin are five long filiform Ann. Nat, Hist, Vol.4. No. 22. Oc/. 1839. ii 90 Dr. Philippi on the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti. branchiae (in the preserved specimen they still measure 2^^^^, of which the two last are furcately divided^ the front margin has four similar merely somewhat shorter filaments, but be- sides these there are five similar, only somewhat still smaller filaments on the back, between the dorsal tentacula and the anal branchiae, viz. three in the central line and one on each side before the latter. The anal brancJiice amount to nine, are filiform, directed with the exception of the single one ante- riorly and furcate, simple, all ciliated on both sides. The anus is situated in the centre. The dorsal tentacula stand in a line with the first lateral branchiae and are very long ; as it appears they are not retractile. The frondose club is very long in them. The mouth is situated on the front margin close above the foot, and I do not find in them the tentacula labialia mentioned in the preceding species ; the parts however are too much contracted to admit of my denying their presence. The sea^ual orifice is situated on the right side between the first and second lateral branchiae. Plate III. Fig. 1. Euplocanms frondosus, after a drawing of M. Scacchi. Fig. 2. Eitplocamus cirriger, after a drawing of M. Scacchi. 2. On the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr. ; Patella Garnoti, Phil. Enum, Moll. Sicilice. Plate III. fig. 3. That Pileopsis Garnoti, Payr., is not placed in its correct genus, w^as evident to me when occupied with my ^ Enume- ratio,' but I was not more fortunate than Payrandeau, in re- ferring it to Patella > The impression of the muscle compared with the whorl ought to have taught me that the vertex stands posteriorly and not in front as in Patella ; however I may mention in excuse that the correct recognition of the impres- sion of the muscle is very difficult with the strong lustre of the inner side. I lately had an opportunity of finding the living animals on a mass of Cladocora calycularis, Ehrenb. (Caryophyllia calycularis, Lamk.). It differs essentially from Patella. Instead of the round head with the two filiform ten- tacula, the head is flat, foliaceously expanded in front, deeply excavated in the centre where the mouth lies, and no tentacula exist ; perhaps, however, it may also be said that the dorsal tentacula cohere with the ventral into a broad mass, for the Dr, Philippi on the animal of Pileopsis Garnoti. 91 front and inferior part is easily distinguished from the upper thicker part. Ei/es are distinct on the outside of the head. The perfect mantle surrounds the whole shell, presents no incision, no siphon, and between it and the oval foot there is not a single organ to be found. A specimen thrown into spi- rits gave more information respecting the internal structure as the intestines shine through the thin peritoneum. The en- tire hinder space of the body was occupied by the brown liver, as also a part of the right side ; the ramified processes of the liver could be plainly distinguished on it. To the right was situated a reddish organ, probably the ovarium. Above the liver, posteriorly and to the left, is situated the intestinal canal with a convexity directed backwards and bending anteriorly and to the right, it disappears before the right end of the muscle which fastens the animal to the shell ; in front of the liver is moreover situated a white organ, the functions of which I do not venture to indicate ; and in front of this, occupying nearly half the space, appears a cavity, in which an organ with a form closely resembling a folded ruff proceeds nearly par- allel with the intestinal canal, and above is adherent to the peritoneum and is evidently the branchia. I now also suc- ceeded in passing a hair through this hole exteriorly, which even appears in front on the right side before the anal aper- ture in the rather thick border of the mantle, where on more accurate examination I found a small black point. On ac- count of the minuteness of the animal no separate anal aper- ture and branchial aperture can be perceived externally. I could not discover an orifice for the sexual apparatus. After I had found this out it was easy for me to notice on the few shells at my disposal that they are somewhat promi- nent in the vicinity of the branchial aperture. From the irregularity of the shell it requires great attention to discover it. But to what genus does the animal belong ? This is a question which, from the entire want in this place of literary auxiliary means, I am not able to answer. The first thought is on Siphonaria, but as far as I can recollect, the horseshoe- like impression of the muscle is interrupted in this genus by the siphon; in the present species the right arm of the horse- shoe is merely shorter than the left. Moreover the animal is h2 92 Dr. Philippi on the animal of Galeommar said to be blind (Cfr. Rang, ^ Manuel de Malacologic/ p. 141.). Does it belong to Eschholtz^s genus Acmcea ? or must it form a distinct one, as M. Scacchi thinks, who calls it Clypeus in his ^ Catalogus/ p. 1 7^ without however saying more of the animal than " incola ut in Siphonaria, sed testa non canalicu- lata ?" I will add in conclusion, that the following statement of Rang, 1. c. p. 142. ^^ nous avons vu de jeunes Patelles avoir le caracthre des Siphonaires et en conserver des traces dans im dge plm avance,'' probably relates to species of this genus, and not to young PatelliS, Plate III. Fig. 3. Pileopsis Garnotij Payr, a. The animal after the removal of the shell, magnified four tirae&. The horse-shoe-form ligamentary muscle, the liver, the ova- rium, the end of the intestinal canal, and in front the respiratory cavity with the branchiae. I. The animal with the shell, magnified three times, to show tlie form of the head and the eyes. 3. On the Animal of Galeomma, Plate III. fig. 4. This very remarkable Acephalous genus was established by Turton in 1825 in the ^ Zoological Journal,' and thus charac- terized from the shell : shell bivalve, equivalve, equilateral, transverse ; with a large oval gape at the front margin. Hinge -without teeth. Ligament internal. Two very small distant muscular impressions ; impression of the mantle simple. So also Deshayes in Lamarck's ^ Hist. Nat. d. Anim. sans Ver- tebres,' (2nd edit. vi. p. 179.) Animal unknown. M. Costa also found the shell and has described it somewhere in the * Annales des Sciences Naturelles,* (in the absence of M. Costa I cannot state more accurately where, as the entire series of this Journal does not exist in Naples) under the curious name of Hiatella Poliana, which escaped M. Deshayes. M. Delle Chiaje has thought to correct his countryman by naming the questionable animal Hiatella striata in the tables to the 5th volume of his ^ Memorie,' which will never see the light. M. Scacchi has described the animal very accurately, carefully, and well under the name of Parthenope formosa in his ^ Observa- zioni Zoologiche,' p. 8 and p. 19. I have also been so fortu- nate as to observe for some days several living specimens. It occurs between the roots of Zostera or Cavolinia oceanica, but Dr. Philii)pi on the Ocullna ramea of Ehrenberg. 93 appears to be rare. The animal is entirely white, semi-trans- parent. The mantle is split in its whole anterior half for the exsertion of the foot, the margin is entire ; behind there is a small aperture for the exit of the water and the excrements. Where the mantle quits the margin of the shell there are on each side eight or nine short cirri or rather warts. Between the vertex and the aperture of the foot there is also one, and between the vertex and the posterior aperture three warts. The epidermis is highly remarkable ; it easily frees itself from the shell which is quite enveloped by it, and hangs to the mantle {a in fig. 4 d,) ; it appears therefore to retain constantly its organization, while in most bivalves it very rapidly dies, yet I would not with M. Scacchi call the shell interior. The foot is nearly cylindrical and can be stretched out to a great length,but it never produces jumping motions, but crawls with its white under surface quite after the manner of the Gaste- ropods, even up the smooth perpendicular side of a glass, which by the bye I have also seen done by Lucina commutata* Thrown into spirits the animal exhibits at the base of the foot a cavity surrounded by a circular prominence, which I sus- pected to be an organ for the secretion of a byssus, but not a trace of byssus was to be seen either on the roots of the Zos- tera or on the glass. When the mantle is cut open in the centre an almost globular body makes its appearance, which is divided posteriorly by a shallow groove, and on each side are seen two large equal branchiae terminating free posteriorly. On each side in front are two oval moderately large appen- dices buccales. The two adductors are not evident when the animal lies on its back, but are distinctly recognised when in the reverse position ; the hinder one is roundish, nearer to the margin, and somewhat larger than the front oval one. The shell has been elsewhere sufficiently described, but I would hardly call the hinge callous, and the ligament appears to me to be quite internal. A second external one occupies the whole margin of the hinge. The two magnified figures sufficiently show the form and sculpture. 4. Oculina ramea^ Ehrenberg; Car yophy Ilia ramea, Lamk. Few persons have seen the animal of this common coral, nor 94 Dr. Philippi on a new Species of wood-boring Crustacea. have I succeeded in obtaining it in a fresh state. M. Scacchi however has been so fortunate and has kindly lent me the drawing, which I shall subsequently publish if I find it im- possible to sketch one myself from the living animal. The animal according to this drawing has not the least similarity to the false one of Donati, nor even with that of Shaw. Its colour is of a dirty yellow falling slightly into orange yellow^ and it presents about thirty tentacula standing apparently in two series. Each one is 3|'" long, nearly 1"' thick at the base, and gradually tapering towards the apex, which is not clavately thickened. At some distance downwards from the tentacula, and extending about 3^'' to 4"' in breadth, is the some- what thick and fleshy body which exhibits numerous oblique furrows and as many strong longitudinal furrows as there are tentacula in one row, and then suddenly gives place on the drawing to the thin membrane which covers the coral stem. The mouth projects very considerably, nearly 5'" between the tentacula, but it can also be greatly retracted. It measures 3^'" in diameter, and is surrounded by numerous longitudinal folds. 5. Chelura terebrans, anew Amphipod Genus. Fig. 5. On the 1 7th of May I found at Trieste near the Lazaretto Vecchio several planks just drawn from the sea, which were eaten through and through, so that they nearly wore the aspect of a sponge. The holes were of two kinds ; the larger ones of at least 2'" in diameter, in which were a quantity of oviferous Teredo navalis, and the smaller of about |'" in dia- meter, in which I found the little crustacean, which will pre- sently be described, in such immense numbers that I could not doubt for a moment that these holes and galleries had ori- ginated from their devouring. Now if it was already inter- esting to me to find a second example of a wood-boring crus- tacean, my joy at this discovery was greatly increased from its not belonging, like Limnoria, to the Isopodes, but being an Amphipode, and moreover strikingly distinguished from all others by its antennae and more especially by its remarkable tail. A great number of specimens have reached Cassel in safety, and I only brought two accidentally with me to Naples, from which I have drawn out preliminarily the following de- Dr. Phillppi on a new Species of wood-horing Crustacea. 95 scription. The animal, including the antennae and caudal ap- pendages, is 4 J"' long, and without them 2 j'", and about |" broad. The head is narrowest, and as long as the two follow- ing segments, the body becomes gradually broader from the head, without however departing considerably from the linear form. The eyes are small and round, the superior antennae of moderate length, setaceous, and with seven articulations. The inferior antennae are one and a half times as long and consist of six articulations, the two first are very short, the remainder gradually increase in length, become flatter, and the last are densely beset with cilia, so that they appear rather to be an organ for swimming than for feeling. The pectoral segments are of equal length and have their lateral parts only slightly developed. The tail or abdomen consists of five segments : the two first resemble the pectoral segments ; the third seg- ment bears on the centre of the back a long curved horn which exactly resembles that of the Sphinx caterpillar, and on each side two small tubercles. The fourth segment is one and a half times as long as broad, beneath somewhat flat, above concave, covered with small protuberances and ciliated on the lateral margins. They are especially distinguished by two small hooks in the centre of the hinder margin. This segment bears on each side two pairs of curious appendages w^hich are arti* culated on to its base. The front appendages are perpendicu- larly directed and consist of three longish rounded flaps which are all thickly beset with long hair, and of which the front one is the largest, the hinder one the smallest. The lateral pair of appendages perfectly corresponds to one of the caudal appendages of the Gammari, and consists of a stalk which supports two small acute laminae. The fifth segment is very short, exhibits superiorly in a fissure the anus, above in the centre, and inserted at its base (or to the hinder margin of the fourth segment) an oval lamina, and at its extremity an enor- mous joair ofpincerSy which are nearly twice as long as the two last caudal segments. Their two laminae are compressed, somewhat diverging, attenuated towards the apex, and bent in the form of a hook, and they have serrated margins. The fourteen feet increase posteriorly in length, but not consider- ably. The two front ones have at their extremity a curved 96 Account of a Journey across the claw, and the tarsus is broad with a diverging tooth. The first pair of feet is much broader than the second. The fol- lowing feet terminate with a long straight claw but slightly curved in the form of a hook at the apex only, the three pos- terior have merely a small foliaceous appendiculated member. I did not see the branchice at their base, but very distinctly the three pairs of pseudo-abdominal feet, which consist of a securiform, lamellar basal joint, and two articulated and ci- liated spines j so that there can be no doubt to which order of Crustacea this animal belongs. The cibarian apparatus seemed to me to consist of a marginated upper lip, a pair of mandibulae provided with biarticulated palpi, three (?) or four (?) pairs of lamellaceous maxillae, and two sex-articulated foot- jaws. Plate III. Fig. 5. Chelura terebrans. o. The animal lying on its side, magnified four times. h. The fourth and fifth caudal segment from above, as it appears when it is magnified fifteen times. c. The same from below. The third pair of false abdominal feet is evident at the basis. d. The first foot seen magnified twenty-five times. e. One of the posterior feet with the same power. [To be continued.] XI. — Ewtracts from a few rough Notes of a Journey across the Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, in 1835. By James Tweedie, Esq., addressed to Sir W. J. Hooker. [Continued from p. 15.] This morning, the 26th, we regained the post-road which we had left at Pergamena, at 3 leagues beyond the post house of Cabeza del Tigere, 320 miles N.W. of Buenos Ayres. Here the tract turns more to the west, keeping along the east bank of the Rio Corcouneon, a most delightful tract to behold, being finely interspersed with woods of Algaroba and Chafieos, the river gli- ding on at the rate of about a mile in the hour, in a deep ravine whose sides are nearly perpendicular for 30 or 40 feet, espe- cially the east bank where the sun is so powerful as to dry up much of the vegetation, while on the west and north-west, where it is shaded from the midday rays, the crooked course Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucumaii, 9? of the river is tracked as far as the eye can reach by the abundance of willows that line the banks. There are, how- ever, no beautiful slopes and rich holms here, such as grace the shores of the Clyde. We halted this day at the deserted posthouse of Lobaton, where I found the vegetation bearing a striking similarity to that which prevails around Bahia Blanca, distant more than 1100 miles. 27th. We crossed the little river called Salado de Ruiz Diaz, whose flat sides, white with a saline incrustation which crushes like frost under the foot, are denuded of vegetation for at least a hundred yards on either side the stream. At this place w^e had entered the province of Cordova for 20 miles, and after passing the river pursued a constantly rising road till we came to a posthouse bearing the same name as the river and situated at a considerable elevation. The land all around is very bare of herbage and dry, but gay with a species of Oxalis and the beautiful little Nierembergia gracilis, I also found the Eupa- torium affine, a charming dwarf perennial. The well was the deepest I had seen on the road, 21 feet, but the water was ex- cellent. We passed through a dry and thinly inhabited coun- try, but looking agreeable from its natural clumps of Algaro- has, &c. The Rio Corcouneon with its row of willow trees lay on our right, its windings marked by these trees ; and our road being straight, sometimes it was close to us, at other times far distant. We saw several deserted houses and unoccupied land, though the latter was of good quality ; and passed through the town of Fraile Muerto, situated close to the river, where there were some spots of fine maize, pompions, French beans and tomatos, the latter an indispensable article here. 30th. Having pursued our journey up the river and gene- rally almost parallel to its course for nearly 100 miles, we crossed it at Esquina del Ahogada, where its name changes from Corcouneon to Rio Terzero, it being the third river from Cordova going to Buenos Ayres. Here commenced a strange change in the face of the country, a dense forest prevailing for a vast distance, chiefly consisting of Algarobas, of which there were several beautiful varieties. The tops of these trees are often charmingly adorned with the purpJe flowers of a species of mistletoe, whose blossoms are frequently more than an inch 98 Account of a Journey across the long ; there are many species of this kind of climber^ some with clusters of white and others of green flowers, all of them finely scented ; and where there was a free opening to the air we observed many trees quite covered and killed with loads of different kinds of Tillandsia, The road through these an- cient forests is often so circuitous that we would be going to- wards all the different points of the compass in the course of one day : frequently again it would become so narrow that there was scarcely room for one cart to pass along, and where its high lumbering body, swinging from side to side, was com- pletely stopped ; so that it was needful to cut away some of the branches before it could proceed. Our great line of ve- hicles, with the feet of the numerous cattle, raised such a tre- mendous cloud of dust, that often one cart was indiscernible at the distance of another, and there was not a breath of air in these dense forests to carry off the dust. On the afternoon of the third day after crossing the river our mules all left us on a sudden at full gallop ; they had scented the water of a large lake 6 miles distant ; but much as we were all in want of this necessary of life, nothing but absolute need could compel us to use it, the quality was so bad. I had gathered, when passing the Rio Terzero, several varieties of the Zinnia, an annual in English gardens ; the Goodenia tu- berosa, and some agreeably scented kinds of Cynanchum : little worthy of notice occurred in the dense woods, except 2 or 3 species of Cactus, 4th April. We came to the village of Los Ranchos, an- other poor place, containing apparently about 800 inhabit- ants ; the houses are all constructed of unburnt bricks, the church partly of this material and partly of burnt bricks : op- posite to this building is a large market square, but I saw nothing offered for sale except a cart load of beef and a few pompions. This place is considered half-way between Buenos Ayres and Tucuman. At sunset we crossed the Rio Secundo or second river from Cordova, and finding good grass stopped all night in a field of Melissa (?) sp. 6 — 8 feet high, here called Boldo, and in great use for dyeing, and by the addition of other substances it produces various shades of brown. This Rio Secundo was, at the time we now crossed, 200 vards Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman, 99 broad, of a regular depth of 4 feet all across, and gliding slowly north-east at about a mile an hour ; on our return it was quite dried up, and in place of w^ater we found nothing but white drifting sand and gravel, brought down from the mountains of Cordova. Two more days and nights travelling brought us to the Rio de Cordova, a fine stream of the clear- est water that can be seen in any of these provinces. The bottom is stony and gravelly, the stones having been brought down from the mountains, 30 miles distant, by the current ; for throughout these extensive plains not a vestige of stone or metal can be found. 6th. We rested at the passage of the river for most of the day, repairing carts, &c. The town of Cordova is in view, 26 miles on our left, and appears charmingly situated at the foot of a ridge of hills, stretching north-west. While travelling through the woods I noticed a Passiflora, and saw several species of strong-growing Cactus ; and on the steep and dry banks many of the largest Algarobas were completely killed with loads of air-plants, of which great masses hung fi-om every branch. 8th. After passing this river, the road rises considerably, proceeding more to the north ; its former direction was north- west, and is now north-north-west ; the tract over which we passed was miserable, dry, and barren in the extreme ; a few stunted shrubs of Chaneos, Algarobas, and some other species oi Mimosa were all that could be seen. One of the latter pro- duces a quantity of clear amber gum which distils from its beautifully green bark. At the posthouses we obtained water at from 12 to 15 feet from the surface, and in one instance the cattle were served with it at the rate of a Spanish dollar for 100 beasts, the water being raised by a horse in a sheep's hide from a well 5 yards deep. In this dry tract we passed over 18 miles, which having been set on fire accidentally by a camp, had been left a naked plain of black ashes, with the bare stems of the shrubs remaining erect like blackened rods. These extensive conflagrations are common in these districts, making a splendid appearance by night. With the first shower that falls on the scorched ground a lovely crop springs up, consisting of Oxalis, red, yellow, and rose-coloured, mingled 100 Account of a Journey across the with different kinds of Amaryllis, which spread a carpet of bloom resembling a richly stocked flower-garden. 14th. We came to the little chapel of San Juan, where, though the village consists of but 3 Ranches, there is a put- peria or tippling dram-shop. A day was passed in repairing the carts, all of which had become loose and rickety from the long drought. No iron is used in the construction of these vehicles ; even the wheels are unshod, the trams being made of hard Algaroba wood, which lasts a long time, often several years, on the stoneless roads of this country. This place was the last post house in the province of Cor- dova going north-west, and here, as we were on the ridge of a mountain, we found the vegetation much more varied than of late ; the Cactus tribe were especially numerous and varied ; one specimen of the broad-branched kind struck me particu- larly, its white strong spines measuring from 6 to 9 inches in length ; and the tree itself, of a conical shape (the cone re- versed), with its huge body of bushy and numerous flat branches, could not be of less weight than 10 to 12 tons. There are also several Mimosas of different species ; that which is called from its hooked thorn Garro-Vato (Grip the Goat) abounds ; varying much, but always preserving a slender mode of growth and fine short pinnated leaves : unfortunately none of these were in flower. I also observed the Jormillio, a slender ever-flowering shrub, with small gummy leaves ; the whole plant has a dry brown singy appearance ; and a curious frutescent Solanum, whose long, oval, scarlet fruit is generally as empty as a bladder. Here also I found a beautiful shrub much resembling an apricot, its fruit ; which is small and yel- low, the natives assure me, when ripe, is not inferior to a good plum ; but as the season was passed, I only picked up a few dry kernels, which also bore a great similarity to those of the apricot ; at the lowest part of the bush was a small branch in flower : it is called here Patta, In this neighbourhood 1 noticed the effects of the earth- quake which had taken place while 1 was travelling in August of last year : pits, of various forms and depths, had opened, some only 4 feet deep, while of others we could not find the bottom ; also a large deep rent or ravine, crossing our road, Pampas of Buenos Ayres to Tucuman. 101 but since nearly filled up with mud : the wells, from the same cause, now only afford muddy water, and the natives are con- tent to use what they can obtain from a pool, which occupy- ing the centre of a field and receiving all the washing of the neighbourhood, tastes far too strong of cattle to be palateable. Yet these indolent people make no attempt to obtain a better supply of this needful element. For the same reason they neglect to cultivate the native trees, many of which, such as peaches, growing here fine and healthy by the road sides, would prove highly valuable with little trouble ; but a few pompions and maize are all that they care to rear. In the afternoon of the 15th we arrived at the Post Del Carmen, and entered the province San Jago del Esterro, lying at the north-west point of the Cordova mountains. Here the road for a short distance was of a fine hard gravel, the first I had trodden in any of the Argentine Provinces. The Algaroba, hitherto so abundant, now gave place to se- veral other kinds of large trees, as the Quebra Halcha, Colo- rada or Blanca : this names signifies the Hatchet-breaker, as the wood is so hard that a large tree of this sort is rarely felled without breaking the hatchet ; the Color ada was covered with large tufts of red seed, much like the sycamore ; while the Blanca is distinguished by its small myrtle-like fohage and long pendent slender boughs, which give the whole tree the appearance of a weeping willow; its' seed is a flat pap-like substance, inclosed in large flat white pods hanging in twos, threes, and fours at the tips of the slender branches like the pendulum of a clock. This tree always grows quite erect till it attains the height of 20 to 30 feet, and has a singularly majestic appearance. We now came to a thickly wooded, but deserted country, and travelled for 50 miles without meeting with a single in- habitant, though we saw numbers of old Ranches and the ruins of what had been good dwellings. The immense num- ber of tigers which infest this district and destroy all the cattle, has caused the people to remove and leave to these voracious animals the exclusive possession of these extensive forests. While our beasts were feeding I took a cautious stroll into the woods and came upon what had been an Indian vil- 102 Account of a Journey across the lage, consisting of a few straggling huts^ formed of four-forked posts, on which were laid unpruned branches which were again covered with sods and loose earth, thus merely afford- ing a protection from the sun, but none from the cold, these huts being entirely open at the sides. Not a human being could be seen, though it would appear that this encampment was but recently deserted, from the vegetables, pompions, to- matos, capsicums, and maize, which now covered the ground, as wild and promiscuous as if natives of the soil. In this wilderness I observed several of the small silver grey fox and a large species of hare, with a broad tail like that of the Cape sheep. Parrots and paroquets were in vast number, but no other birds. Here were some curious Cacti, of large erect growth, and 16 angles to the stem, some of the naked pole- like branches being upwards of 30 feet high, beset with spines 2 to 4 inches long. The fruit is very small in proportion to the size of the species, some single plants sending out more than a hundred of these naked pole-like branches, most of which were from 6 to 8 inches through, and generally thicker at the top than bottom. 1 7th. At mid-day we reached the river Saladillo de Gus- man, and here w^e were kept waiting 15 days for its decrease, the season being that of its greatest fulness, in consequence of the melting of the early fallen snow on the Cordilleras. It may seem an extraordinary circumstance, that when travelling through a country where man and beast often suffer the ut- most distress for want of water, the party should at the very same time be arrested by a river whose margins were flooded for half a mile on either side beyond the ordinary channel ; but such was nevertheless the case here, as in other tropical countries ; the greater the heat and drought, the more swollen are the streams, which diminish in proportion as the weather becomes cold and wet. After waiting for two weeks in vain, we discovered a place, a considerable way further down, where the height of the banks had much contracted the river, and with much labour, and after cutting down many trees, our carts were dragged to the water's edge. Another Tropa, con- sisting of 11 similar vehicles, having joined us on the one side, while another of 13 was drawn up on the opposite bank. Pampas of Buenos Ay res to Tucuman. 103 where a little village of Indian Ranches or huts was situated close to the stream^ the assemblages of drivers, passengers, and large quantities of cattle gave the place the appearance for a few days of a Highland fair. Commodities of various kinds were brought for sale, among them excellent bread, made from the flour of Algaroba pods, no way inferior to wheaten flour in taste, being sweet-flavoured, but yellow-coloured and slightly purgative at first to those who are unaccustomed to it. The husks after passing through the mill are steeped in water, which is then fermented and greedily drunk by the natives, though to strangers it is a disagreeable dirty mess. The remaining husks and sediment are afterwards dried and sold in small quantities for chewing, being somewhat sweet-tasted, though hardly so good as pea pods would be. These people thus lose nothing of their favourite Algaroba, which they gather from every tree with the greatest care, and store it up on the tops of posts, that it may be secure from the attacks of mice, &c. On observing to a native that the Algaroba districts of Cordova and San Jago were a most barren plain, he re- plied it w^as true, but as God had given them a dry sterile soil he had blessed them with abundance of Algarobas, In ex- change for beef we obtained boiled sweet batatoes and chocklos or heads of Indian corn, both boiled and roasted ; also some milk of goats, for no cattle are kept here. The task of crossing this river was truly extraordinary : the waggons being unloaded, the largest hides with which they were covered were taken off, and each, kept outstretched with branches of trees and its four corners tied together, formed a kind of oblong box, something like a rough canoe, in which were then deposited as many goods as it could hold. An old Indian woman having contracted to take over our cargo at 20 reals or §ds of a Spanish dollar, she alone waited upon the loading of each hide, which wt.s done by our drivers, while the dame ordered the mode in which the several articles should be placed, paying particular attention to see that the cargo should be evenly distributed and the hide set fairly on the water. This done, a young girl was employed to swim and drag it be- hind her by means of a small rope fixed to one of the canoes over her right shoulder, while she held and dragged by her 1 04 Account of a Journey across the Pampas. teeth. Each hide carries from 3 to 4 cwt. according to its size. The river is here about 100 yards wide. To me the task ap- peared a very luckless job ; and when my turn came to go with my chesty boxes^ and a fellow passenger^ all launched into an ordinary bulFs hide, with a girl, none of the strongest, to drag us, I felt considerable doubts of our safety. However no- thing went wrong in crossing, either with us or a tropa of 11 carts, 28 in all, which were thus got over. The men, paid by the old woman, of whom there were 11, were occupied in dragging our empty waggons across, in which were fixed crates of earthenware, some heavy boilers, and other articles too large for the hide boat. The passage of the waggons was a still more troublesome business ; 3 men swam across with a long rope of hide, and these men remained at certain dis- tances with the rope over their shoulders to keep the water from having too great an impression upon it. When over, it was fixed to 6 bullocks, and the cart then tossed into the river from the opposite side, when it unavoidably disappeared, and on arriving at the other bank it was generally found to have upset under water ; when it was no easy task to set it once more upon its wheels. One cart, in particular, occupied most of a day. Seven days were again consumed in reloading, &c., during which time I made several excursions among the woods by the river bank ; but from the dryness of the season which had clad everything in its autumn or winter garb, very little could be found ; I saw some memorable varieties of the Cactus family, of all shapes and sizes. There were two spe- cies, or rather perhaps vars., of Passiflora ; Mimosas were also very numerous, among which was one allied to the Algaroba, with spines from 4 to 8 inches long ; this is called in the coun- try Bonilla or Vanill ; its leaves are applied by the natives to cure a dim eyesight. This river flows from the south Andes in a north-east direction towards the Porana, and having traversed a saline tract, becomes so salt that even the cattle refused to drink it. We however obtained good and sweet water only 4 feet from the surface. [To be continued.] Routt from Lima by the Quebrada of San Mateo. 105 a i o 03 ■J o m ^^1 ft? XI C'S 3 CO S bb Si gs I .2 o (o & oj *i >H aj c « 3 «2J " rt *f «• sj.S 2 3 o fl N Jj (U 3 S « S 55, pS5 .0 S 2 dlc_^.-sac?^o— S ^S --".5 S o g S-2 g S & 2i « « Hfc< Hi* H| 't mH- HkS H« Hl« mIpJ -rtOJ H|« :»£5 :i>>«c ^ P3^ its : !p -^ b*. • CO O :«p*, : : : : « •gg : : : IS a, a •C.2 ■wttf If P i5| CO » § : S S S* S § g g § S S :£ % % S 1^' S : S s s : 34 : << p. »0i^'*O'*--C0^-^(S s J c8 O 1 s||^ ej _, »« c t; sa rt w c3 g a 'C bc 2 a g 2 ss 5 -I ^ .« ^ "5? Ann, Nat, Hist. Vol.4. No. 22. Oc^. 1839, 10^ specimen of the Botany of New Zealand. XIII. — Florce Insularum Novce Zelandice Precursor; or a Spe- cimen of the Botany of the Islands of New Zealand, By Allan Cunningham, Esq. [Continued from p. 26.] PITTOSPORE^, R. Br. 1. PiTTospORUM, Banks and Sol. 612. P. crassifoUum, foliis obovatis obtusis basi angustatis admodum co- riaceis, supra convexiusculis glabris nitidis venosis, subtus ramulisque cano- villosis, pedunculis terminalibus unifloris solitariis, capsulis crassis 3-valvibus. Banks and Sol. Ms. Tarata, indigenis. B. Cunn. New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. On Flat Island, one of the Cavallos, and at Matauri on the east coast, opposite those islands, &c. — 1833, R. Cunningham. Frutex orgyalis. Rami stricti, fastigiati, glabri, ramulis cinereis foliatis. Folia alterna distincta, vel conferto-verticillata, crassa, valde rigido-coriacea. Pedunculus (uncialis) ex apice ramuli inter folia solitarius. Calyx 5-sepalus, cinereo-villosus. Petala 5 longitudine sepalorura. Stamina 5 hypogyna, petalis breviora. Antherce adnatse biloculares. Stylus terminalis, simplex, staminibus parum brevior. Ovarium villosissimum. Capsula nucis Avel- lancB magnitudine, plerumque trivalvis, valvis obovatis lignosis resinosis. Se- mina plurima. 613. P. umhellatum ; foliis obovatis obtusis retusisve interdum apiculatis utrinque glabris subtus pallidioribus reticulato-venosis, pedunculis termina- libus umbellatis, pedicellis unifloris calycibusque ferrugineo-tomentosis, cap- sulis 4-lobis 2-valvibus, caule arboreo. Banks and Sol. Mss. Gcert. Fr. i. p. 286. DC.Prodr.i.p.Ml. New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Shores of the Bay of Islands. — 1 826, J. Cunningham. In woods around Onawero Bay, Wangaroa. — 1833, R. Cunningham* Arbor 20 — 26 pedalis, formosa, habitu omnino Enkianthi, ramis teretibus glabris. Folia in ramulis alterna vel conferta subtus pulchre reticulata, pe- tiolata. Petiolus subuncialis lucido-coloratus. Flores terminales, rubri, um- bellatim dispositi. Calyx 5-sepalus, sepalis lanceolatis acuminatis extus pi- losis. Petala 5, oblonga, obtusa, nervosa, sepalis longiora apice revoluta. Stamina longitudine styli petalis breviora. Capsula globosa, magnitudine Cerasi. 614. P. engeinoides, omnino glabrura, foliis ellipticis (biuncialibus) acutis petiolatis venosis undulatis pellucidis, pedunculis terminalibus brachiato- ramosis, pedicellis umbellato-corymbosis multifloris, capsulis (minimis) el- lipticis acuminatis bivalvibus, stigmate obtuso. New Zealand (Northern Island). Shores of Onawero Bay, Wangavoa. — 1833, R. Cunningham. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, 10? Frutex major. Arhuscula speciosa, aspectu fere facie Eugenics. Rami ramulique teretes, graciles, cortice purpurascente. Folia sparsa, alterna v. verticillato-conferta. Flores nondum vidi. Capsula grani Piperis mole, bivalvis, glabra, elliptica, acuta, minutissime tuberculata, stylo terminata. 615. P. tenuifolium, foliis ovatis ovato-oblongisve (1 — li micialibus) acu- tiusculis V. obtusis, adultis utrinque glabris nitidis, marginibus undulatis saepeque convolutis crassiusculis, fioribus solitariis axillaribus brevipedicel- latis, pedicellis fructibusque junioribus, capsulis 3 — 4 valvibus. Banks and Sol. Mss. DC. Prodr. i. p. 347. Roem. et Sch. Syst. Veg. v. ^.432. Gcertn. Sem. i. p. 286. t. 69. f. 7.— Trichilia monophylla. A. Rich. Fl. Nov. Zel. p. 306. t. 34 bis. Mapauriki, in dig. R. Cunn, New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. Margins of forests on the immediate shores of the Bay of Islands. — 1826, A. Cunning- ham. At Wangaroa, on the skirts of salt-waier inlets. — 1833, R. Cunning- ham. ^rJor gracilis ornata, 20 pedum altitudine. Rami virgali, erecti, foliosi, cortice laevi, atro-brunnei. Folia alterna, petiolata, (instar Thece) translu- centia, venulosa. Flores axillares, plerumque solitarii. Pedicellus petiolura aequans. Calyx laciniis ovato-lanceolatis ciliatis, corolla plus duplo brevi- oribus. Petala atropurpurea, oblonga, apice reflexa, decidua. Ovarium 3- V. 4-lobatum subpyriforme, densissime villosum, stylo terminatum. Stigma depresso-capitatum, minute papillosum. Judging from the figure and description given by M. A. Richard of a plant which was gathered in fruit on the coast of New Zealand by Capt. D. D'Urville in 1827, and which he has referred to the genus Trichilia as above cited, it does appear evident that it is none other than this species of Pittosporum, which is everywhere abundant on the coasts of the Northern Island, and where it was originally disco- vered by the naturalists who accompanied our great circumnavigator in his first voyage ! M. Endlicher designs in a forthcoming disser- tation on the Order Meliacece, to refer T. monophylla of Richard, to a genus which he has proposed to name Schoutensia. 616. P. cornifolium, foliis (1 — 3 uncialibus) oppositis ellipticis obtusis v. ovato- lanceolatis acutis glabris summis verticillatis, pedunculis terminalibus aggregatis villosis unifloris, capsulis 2-valvibus acuminatis extus villosis, ra- mulis quandoque pihs cinereis conspersis. A. Cunn. in Bot. Mag. t. 3161. — Pittosporoides verticillata. Banks and Sol. Mss. in Bibl, Banks. — /3. foliis angusto-oblongis acutis verticillatis sparsisve. New Zealand (Northern Island). — 1769, Sir Jos. Banks. A shrub grow- ing as an Epiphyte on trees, especially on the lofty trunks of the Kaikatea, (Dacrydium excelswn, Don.) in humid woods on the banks of the Kana- Kana, and other rivers, Bay of Islands, &c. — 1826, A. Cunningham. Frutex virgatus, glaber ramis dichotomis, summis subverticillatis, omnino supra arborum excelsiorum truncos vivos, inter Astelias epiphyticus. Folia 1 2 108 Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, Taria. Peduriculi graciles, 1-flori, 2 — 6 ad apices ramulorum aggregati an* ciales, pilis minutis patulis instruct!. Calyx 5-phyllus, foliolis subulato-lan- ceolatis patentibus ciliatis. Corolla 5-petala, petalis lineari-lanceolatis acutia apice reflexis, deciduis. Stam. hypogyna. Filamenta tubi petalorum sty- lique longitudine. Ovarium ovato-lanceolatum dense villosum. Stigma sphaerico-capitatum, 617. P. reflexum (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum, ramosum, ramulis villosiusculis (pilis cinereis) saepe verticillatis, faliis linearibus confertis glaberrimis apiculo sphacelato, super concavis, modice divarieatis arcuato-reflexisve, junioribus parce ciliatis, capsulis solitariis terminalibus acuminatis bivalvibus cinereo- pilosis. New Zealand (Northern Island). Thickets on the slopes of hills at Wan- garoa, &c. — 1 833, H. Cunningham. Flores nondum vidi. R. C. 618. P . pimeleoides (R. C. Mss.) fruticosum ramulis verticillatis, foliis modice patentibus angusto-lanceolatis linearibusve acuminatis, apiculo ob- tuso, super concaviusculis glabris subter venosis, marginibus juniorum revo- lutis plus minus ciliatis,^ capsulis solitariis aggregatisve axillavibus v. termi- nalibus acuminatis 2- valvibus, pilis patentibus cinereis conspersis. New Zealand (Northern Island). Dry woods on the shores of the Bay of Islands, Wangaroa, &c — 1833, R. Cunningham. Frutex 2 — 3 pedalis, duplo major quam in prsecedenti, atque folia longiora, latiora, et quamlibet patentia non deflexa, capsulis porro crebre aggregatis. Nihilominus an species distincta? 619. P. radicans {R. C. Mss,) cauls fruticoso simpliciter ramoso subra- dicante, ramulis virgatis cinereo-villosis, foliis (uncialiabus) angusto-linea- ribus concaviusculis acuminatis erecto-patentibus rectis falcatisve^ pagina superiore margineque pilis raris instructis, capsulis terminalibus solitariis pilosis. R. C. Mss. New Zealand (Northern Island). Growing about the roots of the Kauri (Dammara australis) principally in a forest near the head of the Kana-Kana river. Bay of Islands, — 1833, R. Cunningham. This very distinct species, like the two preceding, has only been observed bearing fruit, which is described in the note that accom- panied the specimen, as being very similar to that of P. reflexum, but inserted on a somewhat longer pedicle. The habit and leaves are however somewhat different*. • In herbario meo sequentes sunt pulchrse species hujus generis, quae in Australasia jampridem lectae erant, hucusque indescriptse, vel minus cog- nitse. P. ruhiginosum ; foliis oblongo-lanceolatis lanceolatisve acuminatis ve- nosis sparsis verticillatisve, basi subattenuatis undulato-auriculseformibus, adultis superne glabriusculis, inferne ferrugineo-tomentosis pedunculo ter- minali multifloro bracteato ramulisque dense rubiginoso-crinitis, floribus umbellatis pedicellatis stigmate obtuso late membranaceo, caule fruticoso gracili. Specimen of the Botany of New Zealand, 109 DROSERACEiE, DC. Drosera, Z. 1520. D. propinqua {R, C. Mss.) foliis radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis Hah. In ora sequinoctiali Nov« Cambriae Australis : ad latus Montis Cook, prope fluvium Endeavour dictum.— 1820, A. Cunningham. P. linifolium ; foliis elliptico-oblongis obtusis acuminatisve petiolatis sub- revolutis Igeviter undulatis adultis super glabris nitidis, subter parcefHomen- tosis reticulato-venosis floribus paniculato-umbellatis, pedunculis fusco-to- mentosis, stigmata obtuso depresso lobato ovarioque dense pilose, capsulis bivalvibus, caule arboreo gracili. Hah. In oraorientali inter tropicam : ad fluvium Endeavour diet., in loeis saxosis humidis necnon ad ripas fluvii a littore remotis — 1819, A. Cunning- ham. Ohs. Differs from P. undulatum, Andr,, that species having ovate-lan- ceolate attenuated leaves, which are smooth on both sides and altogether larger aggregate peduncled flowers. P. phillyrceoides^ foliis (1 — 1| uncialibus) oblongis ovato-lanceolatisve mucroiiatis coriaceis planis utrinque glabris subtus discoloribus obscure ve- nulosis, pedicellis lateralibus unifloris solitariis geminisve petiolo duplo lon- gioribus. DC. Prodr. l p. 347.— P. oleifolium, A. Cunn. Mss. (1822). Hah. In ora occidentali, in arenosis aridis Insulae Dirk Hartog, 1802, Lechenault. — 1822, A. Cunningham. Frutex robustus, erectus, ramosus, sexpedalis, habitu fere facie Ohce. Floras — . Capsula aurantia, elliptica, compressa, bivalvis, extus glabra, ru- gulosa. P, bicolor ; foliis lanceolatis coriaceis nervosis obtusiusculis acuminatisve marginibus refractis, breviter petiolatis super glabris convexiusculis, subter tomentosis, pedunculis unifloris, petalis 4 — 5ies longioribus terminalibus axillaribusve, ramulis tomentosis. Hook. Journ. Bot. i. p. 249. — P. ledifoha. A.Cunn. Ms. {\^\9). Hah. In insula Van Dieraen, in sylvis umbrosis valde humidis, inter Da- crydia (Heronensia, Nobis) ad sinum Macquarie Harbor dictum, ubi in mense Jan uario floret. — 1819,^. Cunningham. — 1831, Ron.